Oceanography And Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 34 PDF
Preview Oceanography And Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 34
Cover Page i OCEANOGRAPHY and MARINE BIOLOGY AN ANNUAL REVIEW Volume 34 Page ii This page intentionally left blank. Page iii OCEANOGRAPHY and MARINE BIOLOGY AN ANNUAL REVIEW Volume 34 Editors A.D.Ansell R.N.Gibson Margaret Barnes The Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Oban, Argyll, Scotland Founded by Harold Barnes Page iv © A.D.Ansell, R.N.Gibson and Margaret Barnes, 1996 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. First published in 1996 by UCL Press UCL Press Limited University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT and 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101 Bristol Pennsylvania 19007–1598 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis eLibrary, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. The name of University College London (UCL) is a registered trade mark used by UCL Press with the consent of the owner. British Library CataloguinginPublication Data A cataologue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0203501268 Master ebook ISBN ISBN 0203231325 (OEB Format) ISBN: 1857285816 (Print Edition) HB Page v CONTENTS Preface vii Physical oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea 1 M.J.Varkey, V.S.N.Murty & A.Suryanarayana Nutrient fluxes to planktonic osmotrophs in the presence of fluid motion 71 L.KarpBoss, E.Boss & P.A.Jumars Factors affecting grazerepiphyte interactions in temperate seagrass meadows 109 P.Jernakoff, A.Brearley & J.Nielsen Beach clam fisheries 163 Anton McLachlan, Jenifer E.Dugan, Omar Defeo, Alan D.Ansell, David M.Hubbard, Eduardo Jaramillo & Pablo E.Penchaszadeh Biology of the gastropod family Littorinidae. I. Evolutionary aspects 233 Christopher D.McQuaid Biology of the gastropod family Littorinidae. II. Role in the ecology of intertidal and shallow marine ecosystems 263 Christopher D.McQuaid Pedunculate cirripedes of the genus Pollicipes 303 Margaret Barnes Coastal fisheries in the Pacific islands 395 P.Dalzell, T.J.H.Adams & N.V.C.Polunin Author index 533 Systematic index 557 Subject index 567 Page vi This page intentionally left blank. Page vii PREFACE The thirtyfourth volume of this series of annual reviews contains eight articles that cover, as usual, a wide range of topics from physical oceanography through biology and ecology to fisheries. This year there are contributors from ten countries from Europe, Africa, the Americas, Asia and Australia, and it is gratifying to the editors that the series continues to attract such a wide support among the international marine science community. Our editorial policy continues to be that of maintaining a high standard of authoritative review, both by soliciting articles in subjects where we perceive that a comprehensive coverage would be timely, and by accepting suitable reviews that are offered to us. We welcome suggestions of subjects that might be reviewed in future volumes. Since an annual publication schedule necessarily places some constraints on the timetable for submission and acceptance of manuscripts, however, we advise potential contributors to make contact at an early stage of preparation, so that they may time their submission to minimize the delay before publication. Our publishers, UCL Press, now routinely use authors’ disks in the initial preparation of text, tables and, in some cases, figures, hopefully helping to minimize errors in production. We are grateful to them for continuing to maintain the annual appearance of these reviews and to all our contributors for their patience and cooperation in dealing with editorial queries and requests. Page viii This page intentionally left blank. Page 1 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE BAY OF BENGAL AND ANDAMAN SEA M.J.VARKEY, V.S.N.MURTY & A.SURYANARAYANA National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, 403004 India Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 1996, 34, 1–70 © A.D.Ansell, R.N.Gibson and Margaret Barnes, Editors UCL Press Abstract Physical oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea is reviewed for the first time. All available information for over 50 years is consolidated in this review. To begin with, information on peripheral or related aspects of climate of the hinterland, such as pressure, rainfall, storms, winds, sunshine etc., are presented. The Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea are divided into two regions, viz., the coastal belt and the open ocean areas, on the basis of large differences in water properties. Considerable variation in salinity and density exists all over the coastal areas due to abundant freshwater discharges, especially during the rainy months. The coastal circulation is mainly driven by river runoff and wind thrust and is influenced by branches of the Equatorial Current system. Strong winddriven upwelling and sinking are seen along the eastern Indian coast. The surface circulation system in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea can be divided into three gyres, viz., (a) the northwestern gyre, (b) the large gyre in the southern Bay of Bengal and (c) the Andaman gyre. Gyres are noted also at 500m and 1000m. The net water exchanges [Evaporation (E)+ Precipitation (P)+Runoff (R)] at surface, for the whole area north of 5°N are −11.5cm and +63.7cm during the winter monsoon and summer monsoon, respectively. The net water transports across 6°N between surface and 1250m, are found to be −79×1012m3 and +129×1012m3 for winter monsoon and summer monsoon periods, respectively. High salinity water masses from the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and eastern and southern Arabian Sea flow into the Bay of Bengal and play an important role in its water structure. A strong gradient of surface temperature is observed during winter (25.5 to 28.5°C) from the head of the Bay to 5°N; similarly for salinity (21.0 to 34.5ppt) during summer. Variation in mixed layer thickness is greater during summer (about 25 to 100m) and less during the winter (60 to 100m). Abyssal water flows and properties are least studied in the Bay of Bengal. Introduction The Indian Ocean was poorly studied before the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE), which was established to bridge this information gap. This international endeavour, spread mainly over the period 1962–66, produced substantial data that were later analyzed and published by the international community of marine scientists. These papers, monographs, books and atlases dramatically increased knowledge of the Indian Ocean. Considering the Bay of Bengal (Fig. 1) alone, prior to the IIOE the situation was very bad (Currie 1996) and the improvement after IIOE has been tremendous. During the last two decades since the IIOE, a considerable amount of scientific work has been carried out in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea by many organizations of various nations, especially India, and more data and information have been added. Here the authors aim at consolidating the scattered pieces of information present in various papers, reports and books into a systematic and concrete form. For the ensuing discussion, the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea together are defined as the oceanic area north of 5°N, excluding the Malacca Strait and Gulf of Mannar, bordered by the Indian subcontinent, Burma, Thailand, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra (hereafter, for
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