Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Vol. 37

359 Pages·1999·4.36 MB·English

by  Alan Ansell

OCEANOGRAPHY
and
MARINE BIOLOGY
AN ANNUAL REVIEW
Volume 37

OCEANOGRAPHY
and
MARINE BIOLOGY
AN ANNUAL REVIEW
Volume 37
Editors
A.D.Ansell
R.N.Gibson
Margaret Barnes
The Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory
Oban, Argyll, Scotland
Founded by Harold Barnes
First published 1999 by Taylor & Francis
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA by Taylor & Francis
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY1001
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.
© 1999 A.D.ANSELL, R.N.GIBSON, MARGARET BARNES
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information in this book is true
and accurate at the time of going to press. However, neither the publisher nor the authors
can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be
made. In the case of drug administration, any medical procedure or the use of technical
equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to consult the
manufacturer’s guidelines.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
are available
ISBN 0-203-48482-7 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-79306-4 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-748-40919-X (Print Edition)
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Air-sea gas exchange into the millennium: progress and uncertainties 1
Thomas Frost & Robert C.Upstill-Goddard
The role of benthic microalgae in neritic ecosystems 47
Lawrence B.Cahoon
Mesoherbivore-macroalgal interactions: feeding ecology of
sacoglossan sea slugs (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and their
effects on their food algae 87
S.I.Williams & D.I.Walker
Population structuring, gene dispersal and reproduction in the
Actinia equina species group 129
M.C.Perrin, J.P.Thorpe & A.M.Solé-Cava
The mortality of intertidal cirripedes 153
Margaret Barnes
The biology of siphonariid limpets (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 245
Alan N.Hodgson
Author index 315
Systematic index 337
Subject index 345
v

PREFACE
This, the thirty-seventh volume in the series, contains the usual broad mix of topics covering
physical and biological aspects of marine science. As in the past the contents of the articles
range widely from global ocean processes through the ecological importance of particular
groups to detailed reviews of the biology of individual genera and species that are of
worldwide interest. Reviews such as these provide a great service to the marine science
community by summarizing and evaluating the literature but they are time consuming to
write. Consequently, the incentive to produce such articles may be less strong at a time
when publication rates are considered, rightly or wrongly, to be one measure of scientific
achievement. Fortunately, the steady influx of high quality manuscripts indicates the
willingness of authors to compile reviews and ensures the continuing success of the series.
As always, it is a pleasure for the editors to acknowledge the authors’ patience and co-
operation in responding to editorial requests and the efficiency of the publishers in
maintaining the regular appearance of these volumes.
It is with great regret that we have to report the death of Dr A.D.Ansell during the final
stages of the production of this volume. He was a long-standing colleague and friend and
will be greatly missed. We dedicate this volume to his memory
RNG, MB
vii

Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 1999, 37, 1–45
© A.D.Ansell, R.N.Gibson and Margaret Barnes, Editors
Taylor & Francis
AIR-SEA GAS EXCHANGE INTO THE
MILLENNIUM: PROGRESS AND
UNCERTAINTIES

THOMAS FROST & ROBERT C.UPSTILL-GODDARD
Department of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management, University of Newcastle,
Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
Abstract The current status of research into air-water gas exchange is reviewed. Some relevant
basic concepts are re-examined within the context of current progress towards parameterization
of the air-sea gas exchange process using models and data from wind-tunnels, and the
interpretational difficulties that still persist with these approaches are identified and discussed.
Subsequently, field measurements of air-water gas exchange are reviewed, with key
developments highlighted, in particular, important recent advances in the use of
micrometeorological and chemical tracer-based techniques of measurement. Results obtained
with these methods are summarized and compared with laboratory wind-tunnel-based
measurements, in order to identify some outstanding gas exchange issues still to be resolved.
In the light of these, the potentially important roles played by a variety of physical, chemical
and biological forcings are considered and some likely fruitful avenues for nature research are
outlined for this important area of global science.
Introduction
The exchange of gases between oceans and atmosphere is a fundamentally important process
in global biogeochemistry. For many gases of biogeochemical interest the oceans are a net
atmospheric source; important examples include DMS (Charlson et al. 1987, Turner et al.
1996), NO (Law & Owens 1990, Nevison et al. 1995, Bange et al. 1996a,b), CH (Crutzen
2 4
1991, Owens et al. 1991, Bange et al. 1994), non-methane hydrocarbons (Plass-Dülmer et
al. 1993), CO (Johnson & Bates 1996), COS (Andreae & Ferek 1992, Uher & Andreae
1997), and CS (Kim & Andreae 1992). These gases play important roles in atmospheric
2
chemistry and climate regulation and for all of them, the gas exchange rate itself controls
directly the sea-to-air flux. Consequently, knowledge of air-sea gas exchange rates is directly
relevant to a range of global issues, including the role of marine-derived aerosols in climate
regulation (Schwartz 1988, 1989, Wigley 1989), relative source strengths of natural and
anthropogenic acid rain sulphur (Nriagu et al. 1987, Turner et al. 1988), the oceanic source
strengths of N O, CH, CO, and COS (Bange et al. 1994, Nevison et al. 1995, Johnson &
2 4
Bates 1996, Uher & Andreae 1997) and the role of the oceans in regulating atmospheric
halocarbons (Butler 1994, Lobert et al. 1995, Nightingale et al. 1995).
In contrast, for CO, for which the oceans are a net atmospheric sink, the situation is
2
somewhat more complex. The rate of CO uptake by the deep ocean is ultimately dictated
2
by the rate at which CO in surface waters can be exchanged vertically downward across
2
the thermocline; on average a doubling of the air-sea gas exchange rate only promotes an
1