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Oceanography. An Invitation to Marine Science PDF

639 Pages·2016·72.454 MB·English
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Plate Tectonics and Volcanic Activity Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. At least 15 plates of oceanic and continental crust move slowly but constantly across Earth’s surface. Contact at their boundaries causes most of the world’s volcanoes and earthquakes. Maps Geographic National Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Oceanography An Invitation to Marine Science 9e Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. RALPH LEE HOPKINS/National Geographic Creative Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Oceanography An Invitation to Marine Science 9e Tom Garrison Orange Coast College University of Southern California Robert Ellis Orange Coast College Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science, © 2016, 2013 Cengage Learning Ninth Edition WCN: 02-200-203 Tom Garrison and Robert Ellis ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Product Director: Yolanda Cossio may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Product Manager: Aileen Berg graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Content Developer: Jake Warde or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Product Assistant: Victor Luu Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Media Developer: Stefanie Chase written permission of the publisher. Marketing Manager: Julie Schuster Content Project Manager: Carol Samet For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. Art Director: Pam Galbreath For permission to use material from this text or product, Manufacturing Planner: Becky Cross submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Production Service: Graphic World Inc. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to [email protected]. Photo Researcher: Carly Bergey, PreMedia Global Text Researcher: Kristine Janssens, Library of Congress Control Number: 2014946235 PreMedia Global Copy Editor: Graphic World Inc. Student Edition: Text and Cover Designer: Liz Harasymczuk ISBN-13: 978-1-305-10516-4 Cover Image: ©Willyam Bradberry/ ISBN-10: 1-305-10516-8 Shutterstock.com Loose-leaf Edition: Compositor: Graphic World Inc. ISBN-13: 978-1-305-25428-2 ISBN-10: 1-305-25428-7 Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in Canada Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2014 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. To our families and our students, our hope for the future. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. About the Authors Tom Garrison (Ph.D., Uni- Robert Ellis (M.E.S.M., Uni- versity of Southern California) versity of California, Santa is emeritus professor of Ma- Barbara) has been teaching rine Science at Orange Coast marine, earth, and environ- College (OCC) in Costa Mesa, mental science courses in California, one of the largest both the classroom and in undergraduate marine science the field since 2000. He cur- departments in the United rently serves as Assistant States. Dr. Garrison also holds ment Professor in the Marine Sci- aUfcEroinondnru eaunindv ciatTejaru.rte yHosnc’isrcht e ytObn hpyoouar ltftosoh s fgbtSeeaye osnN esudoSntairo hntnsciehgaoirme innpMtay e al,Cad tMr iattishhnl aieeea-- Orange Coast College PR depart eCCcttoianooa mcndlaeiaepsf otlvuD refisnl,Ceeo iplapoRda. l roalcetnbomWgdeuere r httnse eeitanno sc af htitnes nion Onmou ttrteha ahrrenenilongrpannee-s fwjwoorruuiirttnetndesain lan fgrOoe mrcge uNaelnmaaortgbi corenaorpal uohl myfG ,C enaoO ngfordSar E phthhEaiesc, Hank Schellengerhaut, svbthcaeieraei nnoS,cu oesuC taephnna Pdrtrt asacm li ofiaAfcn m.a tHgheereimis c agCe,rn aatrad inbuind-- magazine. He was a winner of ate work focused on Marine the prestigious Salgo-Noren Foundation Award for Excellence Resource Management at in College Teaching. Dr. Garrison was an Emmy Award team UC Santa Barbara, and he has participant as writer and science advisor for the PBS syndicated participated in and managed Oceanus television series and writer and science advisor for The research projects and edu- Endless Voyage, a set of television programs in oceanography cational programs in many completed in 2003. His widely used textbooks in oceanography parts of the world. He hopes and marine science are the college market’s best sellers. In 2009, to have the good fortune to the faculty of OCC selected Dr. Garrison as the institution’s first continue to travel and explore DAsissoticnigatuiiosnh eodf CProomfemssuonr,i tayn Cd oilnle g2e0 1T0r,u hstee ews aass hthoen ooruetdst abnyd tinhge tahned wsoonrl, dK waliethn .his wife, Katie, Robert Ellis community college professor in western North America. His interest in the ocean dates from his earliest memories. As he grew up with a U.S. Navy admiral as a dad, the subject was hard to avoid! He had the good fortune to meet great teachers who supported and encouraged this interest. Years as a midshipman and commissioned naval officer continued the marine emphasis; graduate school and 421 years of teaching have allowed him to pass his oceanic enthusiasm to more than 65,000 students. Although he retired from full-time professor- ing in 2011, he continues to bother OCC staff and students on a regular basis. Dr. Garrison travels extensively and most recently served as a guest lecturer at the University of Hong Kong, the Uni- versity of Tasmania (Australia), and the National University of Singapore. He has been married to an astonishingly patient lady for more than 47 years, has a daughter who teaches in a local public school, a diligent son-in-law, two astonishingly cute granddaughters and a fresh new grandson, and a son who, along with his fashionista wife, works in international trade. He and his family live in and around Newport Beach, California, USA. Top photo: Brian J. Skerry/National Geographic Creative vi Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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