Oceanic Whitecaps: And Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes PDF
Preview Oceanic Whitecaps: And Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes
OCEANIC WHITECAPS andTheirRole in Air-Sea ExchangeProcesses Quilted patchwork wall-hanging depicting sea foam (oceanic whitecaps) as perceived in various cultures. Executed by Helen Hardesty and Elizabeth Monahan. Oceanic Whitecaps and Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes Editedby EDWARD C. MONAHAN MarineSciencesInstitute,UniversityofConnecticut, AveryPoint,U.S.A. and GEAROID MAC NIOCAILL UniversityCollege,Galway,Ireland D. Reidel Publishing Company AMEMBEROFTHEKLUWERACADEMICPUBLISHERSGROUP Dordrecht/ Boston/ Lancaster/ Tokyo Published inassociation with the GALWAY UNIVERSITY PRESS LibraryofCongressCatalogingin PublicationData Oceanicwhitecapsand theirrole inair-seaexchange processes. (Oceanic scienceslibrary) "Publishedinassociation with theGalway University Press." "Proceedings of the 1983 Galway Whitecap Workshop"-CIP foreword. Bibliography: p. Includesindex. I. Ocean waves-Congresses. 2. Ocean-atmosphere interaction-Con gresses. I. Monahan, Edward c., 1936 II. Mac Niocaill, Gearoid. III. GalwayWhitecapWorkshop(1983) IV. Series. GC206.027 1986 551.47'02 86-6521 ISBN-13: 978-90-277-2251-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-4668-2 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-4668-2 Published byD.ReidelPublishingCompany P.O.Box 17,3300AA Dordrecht,Holland Soldand distributedin the U.S.A. andCanada byKluwerAcademicPublishers, 190OldDerbyStreet,Hingham,MA02043, U.S.A. Inallothercountries,soldanddistributed byKluwerAcademicPUblishersGroup, P.O.Box322,3300AHDordrecht,Holland Thiswork isrelated to Departmentofthe NavyGrant NOOOI4-83-G-Oll0 issued by theOfficeofNaval Research. The UnitedStatesGovernmenthasaroyalty-freelicense throughoutthe1V0rld in all copyrightablematerialcontainedherein. AllRightsReserved © 1986 byD.ReidelPublishingCompany,Dordrecht,Holland Reprintofthe originaledition 1986 and copyrightholdersasspecifiedonappropriate pageswithin Nopartofthematerialprotected by thiscopyrightnoticemaybereproduced orutilized inanyform orbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying, recordingorbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutwrittenpermissionfrom thecopyrightowner CONTENTS Foreword VB Afterword Xl D. C.Blanchard:ThelifeandscienceofAlfredH.Woodcock 1 ScientificpapersofDrAlfredH.Woodcock 12 M.S.Longuet-Higgins:Wavegroupstatistics 15 Y. Toba&M.Koga: Aparameterdescribingoverallconditionsofwavebreaking, whitecapping,sea-sprayproductionandwindstress 37 L.Hasse: OnCharnock'srelationfortheroughnessatsea 49 S.A. Thorpe: Bubbleclouds:areviewoftheirdetectionbysonar,ofrelated models,andofhowKvmaybedetermined 57 B.D.Johnson: Bubblepopulations: backgroundandbreakingwaves 69 F.MacIntyre: Onreconcilingopticalandacousticalbubblespectra inthemixedlayer 75 L.Memery&L.Merlivat: Thecontributionofbubblestogastransferacrossan air-waterinterface 95 F. Resch:Oceanicairbubblesasgeneratorsofmarineaerosols 101 ]. Wu: Whitecaps,bubbles,andspray 113 1. G.6Muircheartaigh&E. C.Monahan: Statisticalaspectsoftherelationship betweenoceanicwhitecapcoverage,windspeedandother environmentalfactors 125 M.Koga:Characteristicfeaturesofawindwavefieldwithoccasional breaking,andsplashingdropletsathighwinds 129 S.].Hogan: Surfacetensioneffectsinnonlinearwaves 147 ]. C. Scott:Theeffectoforganicfilmsonwatersurfacemotions 159 E. C.Monahan,D.E. Spiel&K. L.Davidson:Amodelofmarineaerosol generationviawhitecapsandwavedisruption 167 H.].Exton,].Latham,P.M.Park,M.H. Smith,&R.R.Allan:Theproduction anddispersalofmaritimeaerosol 175 C. W. Fairall&K. L.Davidson:Dynamicsandmodelingofaerosolsinthe marineatmosphericboundarylayer 195 M. C.Spillane,E. C.Monahan,P.A.Bowyer,D.M.Doyle&P.]. Stabeno: Whitecapsandglobalfluxes 209 B. Vonnegut: Comparisonsbetweenelectricalprocessesoccurringover landandoverwater 219 S. G. Gathman: Atmosphericelectricspacechargeneartheoceansurface 227 VI CONTENTS M. Griggs:Satellitemeasurementsofaerosolsoveroceansurfaces 245 P.Koepke: Remotesensingsignaturesofwhitecaps 251 P.J. Stabeno&E. C.Monahan: Theinfluenceofwhitecapsonthe albedooftheseasurface 261 ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PAPERS P.A.Bowyer:Anattempttodeterminethespacechargeproducedbyasingle whitecapunderlaboratoryconditions 267 M.Briquet: Acousticpropagationinliquidcontaininggasbubbles:effect ofthebubbles'sizeanddistribution 267 S.D.Burk:Thegeneration,transportanddepositionofmarineaerosols: aturbulencemodelingstudy 267 L.CavaleriandS. Zecchetto:Momentumfluxinwindwaves 268 R.Cipriano: Furtherexperimentswithalaboratorybreakingwavemodel 268 D.M.Doyle:Whitecaps,1O-mwindspeedandmarineaerosolinter-relationships asobservedduringthe1980STREXexperiment 269 H.J.Exton,M.H. Smith&R.R.Allan:Aerosolmeasurementsataremotecoastalsite 269 H. Gucinski: Bubblecoalescenceinsea-andfreshwater: requisites foranexplanation 270 A. W.Hogan:Thedistributionofaerosoloverseaandice 270 S. G.Jennings: Thecomplexrefractiveindexofmarineaerosolconstituents 270 B.R.Kerman,S.Peteherych&H.H.Zwick:Whitecapcoverage measurementsusinganairbornemulti-spectralscanner 271 P. Koepke:Oceanicwhitecaps: theireffectivereflectance 272 E.J.Mack: Aerosolpopulationsinthemarineatmosphere 274 E. C.MonahanandC.F.Monahan:Theinfluenceoffetchonwhitecap coverageasdeducedfromtheAlteWeserLight-stationobserver'slog 275 P.M.Park&H.j.Exton:Theeffectofstabilityontheconcentration ofaerosolinthemarineatmosphericboundarylayer 277 C.Pounder:Sodiumchlorideandwatertemperatureeffectsonbubbles 278 M.-Y. Su&A. W. Green: Bubblegenerationbysurfacewavebreaking 278 L.S.Syzdek: Bacterialenrichments intheaerosolfroma laboratorybreakingwave 279 SupplementaryBibliography 281 Index 291 FOREWORD Whilevarious volumeshavepreviouslybeende bable, answer to this question liesintheobser votedtosuch topics asdropletsandbubbles,it vation that while whitecaps are some of the is ourconceitthat this is the firstvolumededi most apparentfeaturesassociatedwithhighsea cated to the description of the phenomenon states, they havealso pro\'ed to besomeofthe of oceanic whitecapping, and to a considera most difficultobjects to measureanddescribe tion of therolethesewhitecapsplayinsatellite quantitatively, and while scientists as agroup marineremote sensing,insea-saltaerosolgene may like to tackle difficult problems, we ration, andinabroadrangeofotherseasurface should notbe accused ofunduemodestywhen processes. This observation, reOecting in part we observethat asagroupwealsohaveafinite the relatively modest attention paid until re tolerance for frustration and ahuman,perhaps cently by the scientific community to white aesthetic, prejudice in favourofnaturalpheno caps, is noteworthy when one considers that menathatareamcnabletodetaileddescription. collectivelywhitecapsare to thegeneralpublic It is appropriate to note that ProfessorWood one of the most striking features of the sea cock, to whom this volume is dedicated, ap scape.Whitecapsfeature prominentlyin many proached the task of describing the bubbles paintings of nautical subjects, and in nu that comprise oceanic foam patches from the merous poems, bothancientandmodern. No perspectiveofan observer, keen ofeyeandun novelistindescribingastormysea,failstomen encumbered by the biases of the academic tion these transientfoampatches.Intheverna scientist. cularofvariousculturestherearediverse,often That aconsiderableresearcheffort,involving animate, terms,suchaswhitehorses, hares, or theoretical and laboratory approaches as well geese,* used to describe these commonly oc aswork atsea, has recentlybeencommittedto curingfeatures on theseasurface.(Perhapsthe obtaining a description and understanding of ultimate measure oftheir impactonthepublic thewhitecappingphenomenonandrelatedpro consciousness is that at least oneprofessional cesses, will, we hope, be manifest to anyone sports team, i.e. theVancouver,BritishColum who reads thevariouscontributionsthat com bia,soccerside,hasadoptedthemastheirsym prise this volume. Resources have been made boU). availablefortheinvestigationofwhitecapsnow Whyuntillatelyhasthescientificcommunity that their important role invarioussea-airex shown scant interest in whitecaps, when they changeprocesseshasbecomeapparent.There represent so obvious a feature of the sea sur cent attention given to the physics of the face? One possible, andperhapsthe most pro- marineatmospheric boundary layerhashelped to stimulate the study of whitecaps. With the *See the workshop bannerin the group photograph coming-of-age of satellite remote sensing, we foradepictionofanumberoftheserepresentations. find thatwhitecapsmay prove to bemorerea- I'll Vlll FOREWORD dily detectable andamenable tomeasurement, ume will serveas asourcebookfor thosenow using various passivemicrowavesystems, than turningto thestudyofwhitecaps.Tothisend, are near-surface wind speeds, and that indeed wehaveincludedasanappendixasupplement whitecap measurements maybeusedasaprac ary bibliography, in whichare listedpertinent tical basis of estimating thesewindspeeds,an articles notcitedby theauthors ofthevarious idea that would not comeas asurpriseto Ad chapters. miral Beaufortifhewerealive in retirementin As theconvenorofthe1983WhitecapWork hisnativeCo.Meathtoday. shop, I wish to express my gratitude to allof Thisvolume, andthe 1983GalwayWhitecap the authors who have contributed to thisvol Workshopwhose proceedingsitrepresents,has ume, to my colleagues at University College, beenmadepossible byagrantfrom theOffice Galway, who have helped with thevariousas ofNaval Research 0ftheUnitedStatesNavyto pectsoftheworkshopandwiththepreparation University College, Galway, of the National of the volume, and to theOfficeofNavalRe University of Ireland. It is the ferventwishof search,Washington, whichhasprovidedthene the organisers of this workshop that research cessary funding, andgivenme,andanumberof on this topicwill henceforthprogressatsucha the otherparticipantsinthisworkshop,theen rate that anothersuchworkshop,and asimilar couragement to pursue our individual investi proceedingsvolume,will withinafew yearsbe gationsofwhitecap-relatedphenomena. deemed desirable and indeed necessary. We would hope that such a second meeting on EdwardC.Monahan whitecaps could be heldbeforetheendofthe AboardtheFSPolarstern current decade. We trust that thispresentvol- 81031'N,SO39'E,july1983. AFTERWORD Some time haselapsed since theWhitecapWorkshop was held in University College, Galway. Despite the bestofintentionsoftheeditorsandtheconscientious adherencetodeadlinesonthepartofallthecontribu tors, publication of this volume has suffered an un anticipated delay which was outside the control of the publishersand editors. Nevertheless, the material presented in this volumestillrepresentsanup-to-date authoritative state-of-the-art review in this area of physicaloceanography. Iwould like to thank my co-editor Gear6id Mac NiocailL the staff of Officina Typographica, the Galway University Press, and Mrs. Fran~oise Yates, Mrs. Elizabeth Monahan, Miss Ann Duffy, and Miss Nancy Monahan, for their editorial and ad ministrative efforts. I would also like to thank D. Reidel Publishing Company for efficiently organis ing publication after the final camera-ready type script became available. Lastly, our thanks go to the U.S. Office of Naval Research and University College, Galway, for making the Workshop, and this resultingvolume,possible. EdwardC.Monahan Galway January 1986 IX
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