Ocean Energy: Tide and Tidal Power

262 Pages·2009·19.09 MB·english

by  Roger H. Charlier

Ocean Energy
·
Roger H. Charlier Charles W. Finkl
Ocean Energy
Tide and Tidal Power
123
Dr.Roger.H.Charlier Dr.CharlesW.Finkl
av.duCongo2 CoastalPlanning&Engineering,Inc.
1050Bruxelles 2481NW.BocaRatonBlvd.
Belgium BocaRaronFL33431
[email protected] USA
cfi[email protected]
ISBN:978-3-540-77931-5 e-ISBN:978-3-540-77932-2
DOI10.1007/978-3-540-77932-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008929624
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009
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Contents
ListofIllustrations ................................................. ix
1 PoseidontotheRescue:MiningtheSeaforEnergy—ASustainable
Extraction..................................................... 1
1.1 EnergyFromTheOcean..................................... 1
1.1.1 TidalPower......................................... 2
1.1.2 MarineWinds ....................................... 4
1.1.3 WavePower ........................................ 8
1.1.4 OceanThermalEnergyConversion ..................... 13
1.1.5 MarineBiomassConversion ........................... 14
1.1.6 MarineCurrents ..................................... 14
1.1.7 TidalCurrents....................................... 15
1.1.8 SalinityGradients.................................... 16
1.2 HydrogenPower ........................................... 17
1.3 Conclusion................................................ 17
1.3.1 EnvironmentObjections .............................. 18
1.3.2 Bacteria ............................................ 18
2 MedievalEngineeringthatLasted................................ 29
2.1 Introduction ............................................... 29
2.2 TideMills,Economics,IndustryandDevelopment............... 30
2.3 HistoricalDevelopment ..................................... 31
2.3.1 TheMiddleAges .................................... 31
2.3.2 From1492totheEndofthe18thCentury ............... 32
2.4 LocationofTideMills ...................................... 33
2.4.1 Spain .............................................. 34
2.4.2 France ............................................. 35
2.4.3 Portugal............................................ 36
2.4.4 BritishIsles......................................... 36
2.4.5 NorthernEurope..................................... 37
2.4.6 TheFarEast ........................................ 37
2.4.7 TheAmericas ....................................... 37
v
vi Contents
2.5 DistributionFactors......................................... 38
2.6 MillsandTheirEnvironment................................. 39
2.6.1 Dikes .............................................. 40
2.6.2 EntranceSluiceGates ................................ 40
2.6.3 Ponds.............................................. 41
2.6.4 ExitGates .......................................... 42
2.6.5 Wheels............................................. 42
2.6.6 TheMill............................................ 43
2.7 RenaissanceoftheTideMill? ................................ 45
2.8 APreservation-WorthyHeritage .............................. 46
2.9 Conclusion................................................ 47
3 TheRiddleoftheTides ......................................... 65
3.1 WhatisaTide? ............................................ 65
3.2 TypesofTides ............................................. 65
3.3 TideandTidalCurrent ...................................... 67
3.4 TideGeneration............................................ 67
3.4.1 PowerGeneration.................................... 68
3.5 RangeandAmplitude ....................................... 70
3.6 TransmissionandStorage.................................... 71
3.7 TidesandHarmonicAnalysis ................................ 72
3.7.1 Smoothing.......................................... 73
3.7.2 Auto-Correlation .................................... 73
3.7.3 MovingAverages .................................... 73
3.7.4 Auto-Regression..................................... 74
3.7.5 FourierAnalysis..................................... 75
4 DreamsandRealities ........................................... 79
4.1 Dreams ................................................... 79
4.1.1 TheSevernRiverandOtherBritishPlants ............... 79
4.1.2 Japan .............................................. 81
4.1.3 SouthAsia,Egypt.................................... 81
4.1.4 DownUnder ........................................ 81
4.1.5 MuchPower,NoUsers ............................... 82
4.1.6 India............................................... 82
4.2 Realities .................................................. 83
4.2.1 TheRanceRiverPlant................................ 83
4.2.2 TheKislayaBayPlant(Russia) ........................ 84
4.2.3 Annapolis-RoyalPilotPlant(Canada)................... 85
4.2.4 AHundredChinesePlants............................. 85
5 TheAnatomyoftheRanceRiverTPP ............................103
5.1 Introduction ...............................................103
5.2 AncestorsandForerunners...................................104
5.3 TideMillsBowOutontheRance .............................105
Contents vii
5.3.1 TheRanceRiverPlant................................106
5.3.2 OtherAnniversaries ..................................108
5.3.3 TheAnatomyoftheRanceRiverPlant ..................109
5.4 TheRance:FirstandLastofItsKind? .........................110
5.4.1 ThePastandtheFuture ...............................112
5.4.2 ChangesattheRanceTPP.............................112
5.4.3 Discussion..........................................113
6 HarnessingtheTidesinAmerica.................................119
6.1 TheQuoddyandFundyAffairs...............................119
6.2 TheUnitedStatesandTidalPower ............................119
6.2.1 ThePassamaquoddySite..............................122
6.2.2 TheU.S.andtheU.K. ................................122
6.3 Argentina—TheSanJose´ TidalPowerPlant ....................123
7 Improvements,Adjustments,Developments.......................125
7.1 Taiwan ...................................................125
7.2 Gorlov’sBarrier............................................125
7.3 Japan.....................................................126
7.4 Russia....................................................126
7.5 China ....................................................127
7.6 GreatBritain ..............................................127
7.7 USA .....................................................128
7.8 Norwegian-DutchSeaandRiverMixtoMakePower ............128
7.8.1 Co-Generation ......................................129
7.9 SomeNewIdeas ...........................................129
(cid:2)
7.9.1 TidalDelayR .......................................129
7.9.2 WhereDo“Things”Stand?............................131
7.10 TappingChannelTides......................................131
7.11 Turbines ..................................................133
7.12 Re-Timing,Self-Timing .....................................134
7.13 ClimateAlterationandEnergyShortage .......................134
7.14 InnovationsandNewThoughts ...............................135
7.15 PublicAcceptance..........................................137
7.16 NewTechnologies..........................................137
7.17 Wrap-up ..................................................138
7.17.1 DoestheCEOGetaPass?.............................138
8 CurrentfromTidalCurrent.....................................141
8.1 Introduction ...............................................141
8.2 TidalCurrent ..............................................142
8.3 EnergyPotential ...........................................143
8.3.1 RegionalPotential ...................................144
8.4 GeographicalDistributionofPromisingSites ...................144
8.5 ProposedSchemes..........................................145
viii Contents
8.6 GlanceatthePastandLookintotheFuture.....................145
8.6.1 TheModestForerunners ..............................146
8.6.2 TheContemporaryScene .............................146
8.7 CurrentDevelopments ......................................149
8.7.1 SeaflowandOptcurrent ...............................149
8.7.2 Stingray............................................150
8.7.3 VlielandandtheElectricite´ deFrance ...................151
8.7.4 IntheArctic ........................................151
9 EnvironmentandEconomics ....................................153
9.1 TidalPowerandtheEnvironment .............................153
9.2 Economics ................................................157
Annexes...........................................................161
AnnexI:GeneralBibliography ......................................163
Whatwassaidbefore1982 ..................................163
1982–1992 ................................................181
WhatisBeingSaid:1992–2007 ..............................185
AnnexII:AdditionalReferences .....................................193
AnnexIII:SpecialReferencesforChapter2...........................205
AnnexIV:Update2008 .............................................207
Chapter1 .................................................207
Chapter4 .................................................213
Whatisatide?.............................................215
Chapter9:NewDevelopments ...............................218
Chapter8 .................................................222
Chapter9 .................................................223
AnnexV:CompaniesandOrganizationsInvolvedinTidal
PowerProjects,Services,and/orResearch....................225
V.1 Equipment ............................................225
V.2 Services,ConsultanciesandOrganizations..................225
V.3VariousServicesandProducts ............................226
AnnexVI:Summaries ..............................................227
Mini-Glossary .....................................................255
Index .............................................................257
List of Illustrations
1 TidemillofBre´hat,predilectionspotofjulesverneandErikIrsebba
2 AerialviewoftheRanceviwerTPP
1.1 Schematicofhorizontalandverticalaxistidalpowerturbines
1.2 Artist’sviewofturbinesintraditionaltidalpowercentrals
1.3 (a)OTECplatform;(b)open-cycleOTECplant(1930)
1.4 SchematicofopenandclosedcyclesOTECsystems
1.5 Variouspre21st-centurysystemstoharnesswaveenergy
1.6 Cross-section of a typical rim-type generator. (Miller, “Die Straflo
Turbine, die technische Realisation von Harza’s Ide˚e˚n.” Zurich:
StrafloGroup,1975)
1.7 Schematicofalternativeenergysources
1.8 Lockheed OTEC scheme. In mid-center: control room; tiny human
figuresprovidedimensions
2.1 Density distribution of relicts of tide mills in Western Europe.
(L.Me´nanteau)
2.2 East Medina mill, Wippingham, Isle of Wight, (Rex Wailes, Tide
MillsinEnglandandWales,1940)
2.3 Carew, Pembrokeshire, tide mill on Carew River. (Rex Wailes, Tide
MillsinEnglandandWales,1940)
2.4 Pembroke,Pembrokeshire,tidemillonPembrokeRiver.(RexWailes,
TideMillsinEnglandandWales,1940)
2.5 Sluice gate of Birdham tide mill. (Sussex, U.K.) (Rex Wailes, Tide
MillsinEnglandandWales,1940)
2.6 St.Osythtidemill,Essex.Stones,wheatcleaner,andsackhoist
2.7 San Jose´ tide mill. 1823. Bay of Cadiz (Map French Military
Archives)
2.8 (a)BayofCadiz(b)St.Banestidemill,1823
2.9 Tidemillmachineryaspicturedona1703engraving
2.10 (a)ArillotidemillonSanFernando-Cadizroad,1823
2.10 (b)ArillotidemilllocatedonroadtoCadiz,newfacingthesea.(figs.
2.10 belong to Archives of French Land-forces, now in Vincennes,
France)(c)PresentconditionArillotidemill.(PhotoL.Me´nanteau)
ix
x ListofIllustrations
2.11 Operationofamedievaltidemill
2.12 Eling mill near Southampton (Engl.) Operating reconstructed tide
mill(bakeryandmuseum).(DrawingbyMelWright)
2.13 Elingmill,restored1980(Ph.D.Plunkett)
2.14 Traou-Meurmill,Coˆtesd’Armour(Ph.L.Me´nanteau)
2.15 Grand Traouie´ros mill and dike, Tregastet, Coˆtes d’Armour
(Ph.L.Me´nanteau)
2.16 Uregnatidemill(20th-century)onZaporitomole(arch.post-card)
2.17 Arillotidemill,Cadiz(Ph.L.Me´nanteau)
2.18 BartivastidemillnearChicanadelaFrontera.(PhotoL.Me´nanteau)
2.19 Bartivas(Ph.L.Me´nanteau)
2.20 Me´riadecmill,Badens(Morbihan).(PhotoL.Me´nanteau)
2.21 Ancillomill,Santon˜ary,Cantabria(PhotoAzurmendi)
2.22 Keroiliomill,Plougoumelen,Morbihan(Ph.L.Me´nanteau)
2.23 Petit Traouie´ros mill, Perros-Guirec, Coˆtes d’Armor
(Ph.L.Me´nanteau)
2.24 17th-centuryPenCastelmill,Arzon,Morbihan(Ph.L.Me´nanteau)
2.25 TidemillontheVeneraRia
2.26 LocationmapoftidemillsinWesternEurope
3.1 AlternativeoperationalmodesatLaRance,France
3.2(a) TheRanceRiverTPP,aerialview
3.2(b) Viewofbarrage,lock,roadway
4.1 Location of plants in operation or dismantled, or aborted and sites
studiedin-depth
4.2 Majortidalpowerplantsites
4.3 WorkproceededatRanceRiversiteinsidecofferdams
4.4(a) ViewofRanceR.TPP.ChalibertIslandisinforeground
4.4(b) ViewofRanceR.TPP
4.5 LocationmapSevernR.estuaryandsiteproposedTPP
4.6 DetailedmapsofproposedSevernR.TPPs
4.7 ProposedTPPschemefortheSevernRiver(Wales)
4.8 Mock-up of the Kislaya Guba TPP (near Murmansk, Russia) as
exhibitedinTokyobyUSSRembassy
4.9 ViewoftheKislayaBayTPP
4.10 KislayaBay,USSR.Artist’sview
4.11 MapUSSRTidalPowerSites.Mezen,Kislayalocation
4.12 Powehousebeingtowedtosite
4.13 Locationandartist’sviewofKislayaTPP
4.14 BultturbineinstalledatKislayaTPP
4.15 Sites of possible Large Russian TPPs and areas of large electrical
consumption
4.16(a) China—Location map of tidal power on Leqing Bay in Zhejiang
Province
ListofIllustrations xi
4.16(b) TheRaishakoutidalpowerstation(P.R.China)
4.17 Location map of Passamaquoddy showind basins of the proposed
US-CanadaTPP
4.18 Bulbunitgeneratingcaisson
4.19 Straflogeneratingcaisson
4.20 Sluicewaycaisson
4.21 Sitesmap.Australia.KimberleyRegionTPPproject
4.22 Korea:tidalpowerplantslocationmap
5.1 U.S.PresidentF.D.RooseveltvisitsPassmaquoddyTidalPowerPlant
Projectdisplay
5.2 ThebulbturbinewhichwasinstalledintidalpowerplantsinFrance
andRussia
5.3 InsidetheRangeRiverplant,thebulbturbinesystemisreversible
5.4 Bulbturbinesforhighcapacitylowheadpowerstations
5.5 STRAFLO(cid:2)R turbinesforlowheadandtidalpowerstations
5.6 RanceRiverplantpowerstation:interiorview
5.7 Cross-sectionoftheRanceRiverplantpowerstation(St-MaloFr.)
5.8 Cross-sectionoftheKislayascheme(KislayaBayRus)
9.1 Environmentalassessmentandimpactoftidalpowerprojects