Occupational Injuries From Electrical Shock and Arc Flash Events PDF
Preview Occupational Injuries From Electrical Shock and Arc Flash Events
SPRINGER BRIEFS IN FIRE Occupational Injuries From Electrical Shock and Arc Flash Events SpringerBriefs in Fire Series Editor James A. Milke, University of Maryland, College Park, USA More information about this series at h ttp://www.springer.com/series/10476 Richard B. Campbell • David A. Dini Occupational Injuries From Electrical Shock and Arc Flash Events Richard B. Campbell David A. Dini Fire Analysis and Research Division Commercial and Industrial R&D National Fire Protection Association UL LLC Quincy , MA , USA Northbrook , IL , USA ISSN 2193-6595 ISSN 2193-6609 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Fire ISBN 978-1-4939-6507-6 ISBN 978-1-4939-6508-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-6508-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947430 © Fire Protection Research Foundation 2016 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York Foreword Electrical safety in the workplace is an important topic that is addressed by NFPA 70E, S tandard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace® (2015 edition). This standard addresses arc fl ash and shock hazards, and there is a need for empirical incident data on the actual hazards that may be experienced when equipment faults or adverse electrical events occur. The availability of such information would allow for better- informed decisions for ongoing revisions to this standard. Specifi cally, NFPA 70E now includes detailed tables for arc fl ash hazard identi- fi cation and arc fl ash PPE categories in the 2015 edition. These tables require spe- cifi c levels of personal protective equipment (PPE) for various types and ratings of electrical equipment. Certain tasks where the risk of an arc fl ash or shock hazard may be lower, such as normal operation of properly installed and maintained equip- ment, may not require the use of any special PPE. Some of this risk reduction is based on anecdotal data and/or the collective experience of the technical committee, and there is a desire to have more empirical incident data on the actual hazards and associated injuries that may be experienced when equipment faults or adverse elec- trical events occur. T he goal of this project is to gather information on occupational injuries from electric shock and arc fl ash events through a review of literature, electrical incident data, and similar sources. This will include such pertinent information as the nature of the incident, adherence to safety requirements, use of appropriate PPE, and extent of injury. The Research Foundation expresses gratitude to the authors Richard Campbell with NFPA Fire Analysis and Research Division and David Dini with the Electrical Hazards Research Group in Commercial and Industrial R&D of UL LLC. Likewise, appreciation is expressed to the Project Technical Panelists and all others who con- tributed to this research effort for their ongoing guidance. Special thanks are expressed to the NFPA and Underwriters Laboratories for their in-kind support for this project. The content, opinions, and conclusions contained in this book are solely those of the authors. v PROJECT TECHNICAL PANEL Tammy Gammon, Ph.D. (GA) Palmer Hickman, Electrical Training Alliance (MD) David A. Lombardi, Ph.D., Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety (MA) Mark McNellis, Sandia National Laboratories (NM) Gil Moniz, National Fire Protection Association (MA) Andrew Trotta, Consumer Products Safety Commission (MD) David Wallis, OSHA, retired (DC) PROJECT SPONSORS NFPA UL LLC vii Pref ace Electrical injuries represent a serious workplace health and safety issue. Data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) indicate that there were nearly 6000 fatal electrical injuries to workers in the U.S. between 1992 and 2013. BLS data also indicate that there were 24,100 non-fatal electrical injuries from 2003 through 2012, the most recent 10-year period for which data is available. The number of fatal workplace electrical injuries has fallen steadily and dramatically over the past 20 years, from 334 in 1992 to 139 in 2013. However, the trend with non-fatal electrical injuries is less consistent. Between 2003 and 2009, non-fatal injury totals ranged from 2390 in 2003 to 2620 in 2009, with a high of 2950 injuries in 2005. Non-fatal injury totals between 2010 and 2012 were the lowest over this 10-year period, with 1890 non-fatal injuries in 2010, 2250 in 2011, and 1700 in 2012. There has been little change in the non-fatal electrical injury incidence rate over the past decade. Injury rates represent an important measure by taking account of injury occurrence relative to the underlying population. From 2003 through 2009, the non-fatal electrical injury incidence rate was 0.3 per 10,000 workers across all industry each year. The rate fell to 0.2 in 2010, rose again to 0.3 in 2011, and fell again to 0.2 in 2012. The leading electrical injury event for non-fatal injuries between 2003 and 2010 (after which changes were introduced in injury event codes) was “contact with elec- tric current of machine, tool, appliance, or light fi xture,” which accounted for 37 % of the injuries during this period. The second leading non-fatal electrical injury event was “contact with wiring, transformers, or other electrical components,” with 35 % of injuries. Other leading event categories included “contact with electric cur- rent, unspecifi ed” (11 %) and “contact with electric current, not elsewhere classi- fi ed” (10 %). “Contact with overhead powerlines,” which was the cause of over 40 % of fatal electrical injuries, accounted for only 2 % of the non-fatal injuries. ix
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