Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate PDF
Preview Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate
Gottfried Kirchengast Ulrich Foelsche Andrea K. Steiner Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate Gottfried Kirchengast Ulrich Foelsche Andrea K. Steiner (Editors) Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate With 188 Figures, 13 in colour ~Springer Editors: Prof. Dr. Gottfried Kirchengast Dr. Ulrich Foelsche Dr. Andrea K. Steiner Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology (IGAM) University of Graz Universitatsplatz 5 8010 Graz Austria E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] andi.steiner@uni- graz.at Library of Congress Control Number: 2004108878 ISBN 978-3-642-06108-0 ISBN 978-3-662-09041-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-09041-1 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rign.ts of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. sprin~eronline.com © Sprmger-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 2004 The use of general descriptive names, reg1sterea names, traaemarks, etc. m this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations ana therefore free for general use. Cover design: E. Kirchner, Heidelberg Production: A. Oelschlager Typesetting: Camera-ready by the Editors Printed on acid-free paper 32/2132/AO 54 3 2 1 0 Preface Use of occultation methodology for observing the Earth's atmosphere and climate has become so broad as to comprise solar, lunar, stellar, navigation and satellite crosslink occultation methods. The atmospheric parameters obtained extend from the fundamental variables temperature, density, pressure, water vapor, and ozone via a multitude of trace gas species to particulate species such as aerosols and cloud liquid water. Ionospheric electron density is sensed as well. The methods all share the key properties of self-calibration, high accuracy and vertical resolution, global coverage, and (if using radio signals) all-weather capability. Occultation data are thus of high value in a wide range of fields including climate monitoring and research, atmospheric physics and chemistry, operational meteorology, and other fields such as space weather and planetary science. This wide area of variants and uses of the occultation method has led to a diversi fication of the occultation-related scientific community into a range of different sub-communities, however. The 1st International Workshop on Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Cli mate-OPAC-1-held September 16-20, 2002, in Graz, Austria, has set in ex actly at this point. OPAC-1 aimed at providing a casual forum and stimulating at mosphere fertilizing scientific discourse, co-operation initiatives, and mutual learning and support amongst members of all the different sub-communities. The workshop was attended by about 80 participants from 17 different countries who actively contributed to a scientific programme of high quality and to an excellent workshop atmosphere, which was judged by the participants to have fully met the aims expressed. The programme included 22 invited presentations, complemented by about 30 contributed ones, 10 posters, and an occultation software demonstration. It cov ered occultation science from occultation methodology in general via different oc cultation methods to use and applications of occultation data in atmosphere and climate science. The detailed programme, including abstracts, and all further workshop information will continue to be available on-line at the OPAC-1 website at http://www.uni-graz.at/OPAC1Workshop-Sep2002. This book was compiled based on selected papers presented at OPAC-1 and well represents in its five chapters the broad scope of the workshop. It starts, for setting the scene, with a general introductory paper by OPAC-1 chair G. Kirchengast and proceeds to address the full range from methodology in general (chapter 1) via specific occultation methods (GNSS-LEO occultation, chapter 2; LEO-LEO oc cultation, chapter 3; stellar and solar occultation, chapter 4) to the use of occulta tion data (chapter 5). It is the first book to provide a "one stop" insight to occulta tion science in such a comprehensive manner. vi We cordially thank all OPAC-1 colleagues, who contributed as authors and co authors to the book, for the effort and diligent work invested into their papers and for largely observing the length targets (one paper, by Kirchengast and Hoeg, was allowed some more length in exchange of dropping a related paper by Kirchengast on end-to-end occultation simulations). All papers were subjected to a peer review process, involving two independent expert reviewers per paper from the commu nity of OPAC-1 participants. We also very much thank these reviewers for their important service to coherently ensure scientific correctness and high quality of the book from first to last page. The reviewers, in alphabetical order, were P. Bernath, J.-L. Bertaux, G. Beyerle, S. Buehler, L. Cornman, A. de la Torre, D. Feng, U. Foelsche, A. Gobiet, M. E. Gorbunov, L. Gradinarsky, G. Hajj, A. Hauchecorne, B. Herman, K. Hocke, N. Jakowski, A. S. Jensen, G. Kirchengast, L. Kornblueh, E. KyrOla, K. B. Lauritsen, A. Loscher, M.S. Lohmann, D. Mimoun, A. Mousa, R. Notarpietro, A. G. Pave lyev, P. Poli, J. Ramsauer, C. Rehrl, C. Retscher, M. Schwarz, P. Silvestrin, V. F. Sofieva, S. Sokolovskiy, A. K. Steiner, S. Syndergaard, J. Tamminen, T. Tsuda, A. von Engeln, D. M. Ward, and J. Wickert. Special thanks are, furthermore, due to Dr. Stefan Miihlbachler for his significant support in the final copy editing and formatting of the book and to Dr. Wolfgang Engel and Mrs. Agata Oelschlager from Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, for the kind offer to issue this book as Springer publication and the related technical support. Many thanks also to all others who provided support in one or another way, in rep resentation of which we thank the sponsors of OPAC-1 (see the OPAC-1 website noted above for details) and the sponsors of the START Program No. Y103-N03 (Federal Ministry for Education, Science, and Culture; Austrian Science Fund) for providing the material support enabling the realization of the book. We hope that, in the spirit of the OPAC-1 aims, the book will become a useful ref erence for the members of the occultation-related community but also a useful en try point for members of the science community at large interested in the present status and future promises of the field of occultations for probing atmosphere and climate. Graz, March 2004 Gottfried Kirchengast Ulrich Foelsche Andrea K. Steiner Table of Contents Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate: Setting the Scene G. Kirchengast ................................................................................................... 1 1. Occultation Methodology in General ................................................ 9 Wave Optics Algorithms for Processing Radio Occultation Data in the Lower Troposphere: A Review and Synthesis M E. Gorbunov ............................................................................................... 11 The Radio-Holography Approach for GNSS Occultation Data Analysis: Review and Application to Resolving Fine Structures in the Atmosphere and Mesosphere A. G. Pavelyev, Y. A. Liou, J. Wickert, C. Y. Huang, K. Igarashi, and K. Hacke ................................................................................................... 25 Open Loop Tracking and Inverting GPS Radio Occultation Signals: Simulation Study S. Sokolovskiy .................................................................................................. 39 Fourier Analysis ofGNSS-LEO Radio Occultation Signals, Resolution and Limi tations A. S. Jensen, M S. Lohmann, H.-H. Benzo n, and A. S. Nielsen ....................... 53 Canonical Transform Methods for Radio Occultation Data M E. Gorbunov and K. B. Lauritsen ............................................................... 61 Unfolding of Radio Occultation Multipath Behavior Using Phase Models K. B. Lauritsen and M S. Lohmann ................................................................. 69 Abel Integral Inversion in Occultation Measurements V. F. Sofieva and E. Kyrolii ............................................................................. 77 Does a Priori Information Improve Occultation Measurements? J. Tamminen, E. Kyrolii, and V. F. Sofieva ...................................................... 87 Retrieval of Atmospheric Refractivity Profiles from Ground-Based GPS Meas urements R. Notarpietro, M Gabella, and G. Perona .................................................... 99 viii Table of Contents 2. GNSS-LEO Occultation ..................................................................... 109 GRAS-SAF Radio Occultation Data from EPS/Metop G. B. Larsen, K. B. Lauritsen, F. Rubek, and M B. Sorensen ....................... 111 Deviations from a Hydrostatic Atmosphere in Radio Occultation Data A. von Engeln, G. Nedoluha, and G. Kirchengast ......................................... 119 Sensitivity ofGNSS Occultation Profiles to Horizontal Variability in the Tropo sphere: A Simulation Study U. Foelsche and G. Kirchengast .................................................................... l27 Advancement of GNSS Radio Occultation Retrieval in the Upper Stratosphere A. Gobiet and G. Kirchengast ........................................................................ 137 Ensemble-Based Analysis of Errors in Atmospheric Profiles Retrieved from GNSS Occultation Data A. K. Steiner and G. Kirchengast ................................................................... 149 Refractivity Profiles Obtained by Abel Inversion from a Down Looking GPS Ra dio Occultation Experiment at Mt. Fuji: Preliminary Results and Future Plan A. Mousa, Y. Shoji, Y. Aoyama, H Nakamura, andT. Tsuda ........................ l61 3. LEO-LEO Occultation ....................................................................... 171 An Active Microwave Limb Sounder for Profiling Water Vapor, Ozone, Tempera ture, Geopotential, Clouds, Isotopes and Stratospheric Winds E. R. Kursinski, D. Feng, D. Flittner, G. Hajj, B. Herman, F. Romberg, S. Syndergaard, D. Ward, and T. Yunck ........................................................ 173 An Overview of the University of Arizona A TOMS Project B. M Herman, D. Feng, D. Flittner, R. Kursinski, S. Syndergaard, and D. Ward .................................................................................................. 189 The ACE+ Mission: An Atmosphere and Climate Explorer Based on GPS, GALILEO, and LEO-LEO Radio Occultation G. Kirchengast and P. Hoeg .......................................................................... 201 Simulating the Influence of Horizontal Gradients on Retrieved Profiles from ATOMS Occultation Measurements-A Promising Approach for Data Assimilation S. Syndergaard, D. E. Flittner, E. R. Kursinski, D. D. Feng, B. M Herman, and D. M Ward ............................................................................................. 221 Table of Contents tx Water Vapor Profiling Using Absorptive Occultation Measurements: A Compari son Between SAGE III and ATOMS D. M Ward .................................................................................................... 233 The Genesis of the ACE+ Anti-Rotating Satellites Concept D. Mimoun and S. Abbondanza ..................................................................... 245 4. Stellar and Solar Occultation ........................................................... 259 The Stellar Occultation Technique: Past Achievements, Recent Developments, and Future Challenges 1.-H. Yee, R. J. Vervackjr., and R. DeMajistre ............................................. 261 Envisat/GOMOS Stellar Occultation: Inversion Schemes and First Analyses of Real Data E. Kyrola, J. Tamminen, G. W. Leppelmeier, V F. Sofieva, S. Hassinen, J. L. Bertaux, A. Hauchecorne, F. Dalaudier, C. Cot, 0. Korablev, D. Fussen, F. Vanhellemont, 0. Fanton d'Andon, G. Barrot, A. Mangin, B. Theodore, M Guirlet, F. Etanchaud, P. Snoeij, R. Koopman, L. Saavedra, and R. Fraisse ..................................... 275 Atmospheric Density, Pressure and Temperature Profile Reconstruction from Re fractive Angle Measurements in Stellar Occultation V F. Sofieva, E. Kyroli:i, J. Tamminen, and M Ferraguto ............................ 289 Stratospheric Temperature and Ozone Sounding with ENVISAT/GOMOS Stellar Occultation C. Retscher, G. Kirchengast, A. Gobiet and A. Hauchecorne ....................... 299 Information Approach to Channel Selection for Stellar Occultation Measurements V F. Sofieva and E. Kyroli:i ........................................................................... 309 The Solar Occultation Mission ACE: An Overview P. Bernath ...................................................................................................... 319 Mesospheric Temperature and Ozone Sounding by the SMAS Solar Occultation Sensor C. Rehrl and G. Kirchengast .......................................................................... 333 5. Use of Occultation Data ...................................................................... 343 Utility of Occultations for Atmospheric Wave Activity Studies: Results of GPS/MET Data Analyses and Future Plan T. Tsuda, K. Hacke, and H. Takahashi .......................................................... 345 x Table of Contents Stratospheric Gravity Wave Fluctuations and Sporadic Eat Mid-Latitudes with Focus on Possible Effects of the Andes A. de la Torre, T. Tsuda, K. Hacke, and A. Giraldez ..................................... 353 The Detection of Upper Level Turbulence via GPS Occultation Methods L. B. Cornman, R. Frehlich, and E. Praskovskaya ........................................ 365 Evaluation of Refractivity Profiles from CHAMP and SAC-C GPS Radio Occultation P. Poli, C. 0. Ao, J. Joiner, M de la Torre Juarez, and R. Hoff. .................. 375 Ionospheric Radio Occultation Measurements and Space Weather N Jakowski, S. Heise, A. Wehrenpfennig, and K. Tsybulya .......................... 383 The Mars Atmospheric Constellation Observatory (MACO) Concept E. R. Kursinski, W Falkner, C. Zuffada, C. Walker, D. Hinson, A. Ingersoll, M A. Gurwell, J. T. Schofield, S. Limaye, A. Stern, D. Flittner, G. Hajj, J. Joiner, H. Pickett, L. Romans, A. P. Showman, A. Sprague, C. Young, S. Calcutt, F. Forget, and F. Taylor .............................................................. 393 Author Index ...................................................................................................... 407 Occultation Methodology in General Mathematical-Physical Basis and Generic Aspects
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