Observatories in Earth Orbit and Beyond: Proceedings of the 123RD Colloquium of the International Astronomical Union, Held in Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A., April 24–27,1990

536 Pages·1990·13.759 MB·English

by  Albert Boggess (auth.), Y. Kondo (eds.)

OBSERVATORIES IN EARTH ORBIT AND BEYOND
ASTROPHYSICS AND
SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
A SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
OF SPACE SCIENCE AND OF GENERAL GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH THE JOURNAL
SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
Editorial Board
R. L. F. BOYD, University College, London, England
W. B. BURTON, Sterrewacht, Leiden, The Netherlands
C. DE JAGER, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
J. KLECZEK, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Ondfejov, Czechoslavakia
Z. KOPAL, University of Manchester, England
R. LUST, Max-Planck-Institutfiir Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
L. I. SEDOV, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Z. SvESTKA, Laboratory for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
PROCEEDINGS
VOLUME 166
OBSERVATORIES IN
EARTH ORBIT AND BEYOND
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 123RD COLLOQUIUM OF THE
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION,
HELD IN GREENBELT, MARYLAND, U.S.A., APRIL 24--27,1990
Edited by
Y.KONDO
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A.
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
LLiibbrraarryy ooff CCoonnggrreessss CCaattaallooggiinngg--iinn--PPuubblliiccaattiioonn DDaattaa
IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall AAssttrroonnoommiiccaall UUnniioonn.. CCoollllooqquuiiuumm ((112233rrdd :: 11999900 ::
GGrreeeennbbeelltt,, MMdd..))
OObbsseerrvvaattoorr iieess iinn eeaarrtthh oorrbbiitt aanndd bbeeyyoonndd :: pprroocceeeeddiinnggss ooff tthhee 112233rrdd
CCoollllooqquuiiuumm ooff tthhee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall AAssttrroonnoommiiccaall UUnniioonn,, hheelldd iInn
GGrreeeennbbeelltt,, MMaarryyllaanndd,, AApprriill 2244--2277,, 11999900 // eeddiitteedd bbyy VV.. KKoonnddoo..
pp.. ecmm.. ---- ((AAssttrroopphhyyssiiccss aanndd ssppaaccee SscCiieennccee lliibbrraarryy ;; vv.. 116666))
IISSBBNN 907-87·9942·031-01-1553238-·74 (HB IS:B Na 9c7i8d- 94fr-0e1e1 -3p4a54p-e5r ()e Book)
D1.O IO 10rb.1i0t0i7n/9g7 8a-9s4t-r0o1n1o-3m45i4c-a5l observatories--Congresses. 2. Astronomy
-C1o.n gOrerbssietisn. g 3as. trAonstormopichayls iocsb-s-eCrovnatgorreisesse-s-.C onIg.r eKssoensd.o , 2V.U jAi.s tronomy
-ICI.o nTgirtelses.e s. II3I.. SAesrtrieosp.h ysics--Congresses. 1. Kondo, VUj i.
OIIB. 50T0i.t2l6e7.. 156I II.1 9S90e ries.
5082520'.0 1.296179.-1-d5c62 0 1990 91-6568
522'. 1919--dc20 91-6C5IP6 8
CIP
ISBN 0-7923-1133-7
ISBN 978-94-010-5528-4
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates
the publishing programmes of
D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
PPrriinntteedd oonn aacciidd--ffrreeee ppaappeerr
AII Rights Reserved
© 1990 SpringerA Slcl iRenicgeh+tsB uRseinseesrsv eMde dia Dordrecht
Originally ©pu b1l9is9h0e dK bluyw KeIru wAecra Adceamdeicm Picu Pbulibslhisehresr s in 1990
No part of the mSaoteftrcioavl epr rroetpercintet do fb thye thhaisr dccoopveyrr i1gs ht te dniotitoinc e1 9m9a0y be reproduced or
No part uotfi ltihzee dm iant earniayl fpornonte octre bdy b ayn tyh ims ecaonpsy, reiglehctt rnoontiicce o mr maye cbhe arneipcraol,d uced or
inculutidliinzegd p ihno atoncyo fpoyrimng O, fr ebcyo ardniyn gm oear nbsy, ealneyc tirnofnoincn Oaft imone cshtoarnaigcael ,a nd
reintrcileuvdailn gsy pstheomto, cwopityhionugt, wrercitoterdni npge nonri sbsyi oann yf roinmfo trhmea ctioopny sritgohratg oew annedr .
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD xi
I. CURRENT MISSIONS
The Hubble Space Telescope I ALBERT BOGGESS 3
Early Results from the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) I J. c. MATHER, M.
G. HAUSER, C. L. BENNETT, N. W. BOGGESS, E. S. CHENG, R. E.
EPLEE, JR., H. T. FREUDENREICH, R. B. ISAACMAN, T. KELSALL, C. M.
llSSE, S. H. MOSELEY, JR., R. A. SHAFER, R. F. SILVERBERG, W. J.
SPIESMAN, G. N. TOLLER, J. L. WEILAND, S. GULKIS, M. JANSSEN, P.
M. LUBIN, S. S. MEYER, R. WEISS, T. L. MURDOCK, G. F. SMOOT, D. T.
WILKINSON, and E. L. WRIGHT 9
The Status of the DIRBE Instrument on the COBE I M. G. HAUSER, T.
KELSALL, H. MOSELEY, R. SILVERBERG, T. L. MURDOCK, J. C.
MATHER, G. SMOOT, R. WEISS, and E. L. WRIGHT 19
The Automatic Spacecraft Granat I R. SUNYA EV 21
The Hipparcos Mission: wmlt Be a Scientific Success? 1M. A. C. PERRYMAN 27
The International Ultraviolet Explorer (ruE) I yon KONDO 35
X-Ray Astronomy Satellite Ginga IF. MAKINO 41
Extreme and Far Ultraviolet Astronomy from Voyagers 1 and 2 I J. B. HOLBERG 49
II. FUTURE MISSIONS
(A) X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY MISSIONS
Rontgen Satellite I J. TRUMPER 61
The Gamma-Ray Observatory / DONALD A. KNIFFEN 63
The Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility 1M. C. WEISSKOPF 71
The Astro-D Mission I Y. TANAKA 81
The X-Ray Timing Explorer I H. V. BRADT, A. M. LEVINE, E. H. MORGAN, R.
A. REMILLARD, J. H. SWANK, B. L. DINGUS, S. S. HOLT, K. M.
JAHODA, R. E. ROTHSCHILD, D. E. GRUBER, P. L. HINK, R. M.
PELLING, and J. G. JERNIGAN 89
The Joint European Telescope for X-Ray Astronomy (JET-X) I K. A. POUNDS 111
SODART Telescope on Spectrum-Rontgen-Gamma and Its Instrumentation I
HERBERT W. SCHNOPPER 119
ESA's X-Ray Astronomy Mission, XMM I B. G. TAYLOR and A. PEACOCK 129
The SAX Mission for X-Ray Astronomy I R. C. BUTLER and L. SCARSI 141
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
(B) ULTRA VIOLET MISSIONS
The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Mission / STUART BOWYER 153
Lyman the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer / WARREN MOOS 171
Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Astronomy with Orfeus / G. KRAMER, J.
BARNSTEDT, N. EBERHARD, M. GREWING, W. GRINGEL, C. HAAS, A.
KAELBLE, N. KAPPELMANN, J. PETRIK, I. APPENZELLER, J.
KRAUTTER, H. MANDEL, R. 6STREICHER, S. BOWYER, and M.
HURWITZ 177
The Spectrum -UV Project/THE SPECTRUM-UV TEAM 185
(C) INFRARED AND SUBMILLIMETER MISSIONS
The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) / GIOVANNI G. FAZIO and
PETER EISENHARDT 193
c.
The Infrared Space Observatory / J. CESARSKY and M. F. KESSLER 205
IRTS: Infrared Telescope in Space / TOSHIO MATSUMOTO 215
FIRST - Far Infrared and Submillimetre Space Telescope / U. O. FRISK 223
A Submillimeter Mission for the 1990s: SMMM / T. G. PHILLIPS 231
The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite / G. J. MELNICK 251
(D) RADIO MISSIONS
International VLBI Satellite (IVS) / R. T. SCHILIZZI 255
VSOP, A Space VLBI Programme / H. HIRABA YASHI 263
VLBI with TDRSS / R. P. LINFIELD 271
(E) SOLAR SYSTEM & PLANETARY SYSTEMS
SOHO -An Observatory to Study the Solar Interior and the Solar Atmosphere / A.
I. POLAND and V. DOMINGO 277
An Overview of the Orbiting Solar Laboratory / D. S. SPICER 285
The Planetenteleskop Mission / G. NEUKUM 286
The Astrometric Imaging Telescope: Near-Term Discovery and Study of Other
Planetary Systems / EUGENE H. LEVY, GEORGE D. GATEWOOD, and
RICHARD J. TERRILE 287
(F) SHUTTLE-BORNE ASTRO MISSIONS
Ultraviolet Polarimetry / A. D. CODE, K. H. NORDSIECK, and C. M.
ANDERSON 291
The Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope / A. DAV IDSEN 292
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
The Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope for Astro 1 / T. P. STECHER 293
The Broad Band X-Ray Telescope (BBXRT) on Astro-1 / P. 1. SERLEMITSOS 294
(G) INTERPLANETARY MISSIONS
Future Solar System Missions / GEOFFREY A. BRIGGS 297
The Ulysses Mission in the High Latitude Heliosphere / D. E. PAGE, R. G.
MARSDEN, E. J. SMITH, and K.-P. WENZEL 307
(H) DATA ANALYSIS ACTIVITIES
Science Operations for Future Space Astrophysics Missions / GUENTER R.
RIEGLER 317
III. LAUNCH VEHICLES
(A) CURRENT & "NEAR" FUTURE
United States Launch Vehicle Systems / ROBERT B. KRAUSE 325
ESA's Space Transportation Programme / J. FEUSTEL-BUECHEL and W.
W AMSTEKER 333
Launch Vehicles of ISAS / YA SUO TANAKA 339
U.S.S.R. LAUNCH SYSTEMS 343
(B) "LONG-TERM" FUTURE
Launch Vehicles of the Future: Earth to Near-Earth Space / G. A. KEYWORTH, II 347
Future Deep Space Propulsion Systems / ERNST STUHLINGER 355
IV. RELATIVE MERITS OF VARIOUS OBSERVATORIES
(A) VARIOUS ORBITS AND SITES
Lunar-Based Astronomy / HARLAN 1. SMITH 365
Panel: Relative Merits o/Various Orbits and Sites in Space
Relative Merits of Low-Earth, Eccentric, Geosynchronous, and Interplanetary
Orbits and Sites in Space / B. G. TAYLOR 377
Humanity or Robotics in Space? / MINORU ODA 380
Astrophysics from the Moon I MICHAEL J. MUMMA 381
Use of Libration-Point Orbits for Space Observatories / ROBERT W. FARQUHAR
and DAVID W. DUNHAM 391
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
(B) ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
Major Observatories Versus Economy-Class Observatories in Space / FREEMAN
J. DYSON 399
V. LONG TERM FUTURE ISSUES
Panel: Major Unsolved Problems ofA stronomy
Does Theory Advance with Technology? / HALTON ARP 409
Occultation Astronomy / FREEMAN J. DYSON 413
Comments / FRED HOYLE 417
The Astrophysics of the Future / M. S. LONGAIR 421
Evolution of the Unsolved Problems / MINORU ODA 427
CONTRIBUTED PAPERS
SIXA: The Solid State Spectrometer Array Onboard Spectrum-X-Gamma I O.
VILHU, H. SIPILA., V. J. KAMARAINEN, I. TAYLOR, E. LAEGSGAARD,
G. LEPPELMEIER, and H. W. SCHNOPPER 433
The X-Ray Large Array I K. S. WOOD, P. HERTZ, J. P. NORRIS, and P. F.
MICHELSON 439
The Stellar X-Ray Polarimeter for the Spectrum-X-Gamma Mission / P. KAARET,
R. NOVICK, C. MARTIN, P. SHAW, J. R. FLEISCHMAN, T. HAMILTON,
R. SUNYAEV, I. LAPSHOV, E. SILVER, K. ZIOCK, M. WEISSKOPF, R.
ELSNER, B. RAMSEY, G. CHANAN, G. MANZO, S. GIARRUSSO, A.
SANTANGELO, E. COSTA, L. PIRO, G. FRASER, J. F. PEARSON, J. E.
LEES, G. C. PEROLA, E. MASSARO, and G. MATT 443
The All-Sky Extragalactic X-Ray Foreground I ELIHU BOLDT 451
A Low Energy Gas Scintillation Proportional Counter for the SAX-X-Ray
Astronomy Satellite / A. N. PARMAR, A. SMITH, and M. BA VDAZ 457
The EXOSA T Results Database I A. N. PARMAR and N. E. WHITE 462
An X-Ray All Sky Monitor for a Japanese Experimental Module on the Space
Station / M. MATSUOKA, N. KAWAI, T. IMAI, M. YAMAUCHI, A.
YOSHIDA, T. KOHNO, A. YONEDA, and H. TSUNEMI 463
The Astro Mission / T. R. GULL 469
The UV Imager for the Israeli Scientific Satellite I N. BROSCH 471
ORFEUS-SPAS: The Berkeley EUV Spectrometer / STUART BOWYER and
MARK HURWITZ 475
An Observatory for Mapping the Far UV Diffuse Galactic Emission Line
Background / F. L. ROESLER, J. HARLANDER, and R. J. REYNOLDS 481
Project of a Three Reflection Telescope for Wide Field Ultraviolet Observations /
A. AMORETTI, M. BADIALI, A. PREITE-MARTINEZ, and R. VIOTTI 487
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
Santa Maria: An Orbiting Multispectml Observatory I C. MORALES, L. SABAU,
A. GIMENEZ, A. L. BROADFOOT, B. R. SANDEL, R. STALIO, A.
TALA VERA, and A. BUCCONI 493
Cryogenic Testing of Optics for ISOCAM I JOHN K. DAVIES 497
EDISON: A Second Generation Infmred Space Observatory I H. A. THRONSON,
JR., T. G. HAWARDEN, C. M. MOUNTAIN, J. K. DAVIES, T. J. LEE, and
M. LONGAIR 501
Merits of Space VLBI Missions for Geodynamics I JOZSEF ADAM and IVAN I.
MUELLER 507
Low Frequency Radio Astronomy from Earth Orbit I KURT W. WEILER and
NAMIR E. KASSIM 508
High-Resolution Imaging Spectroscopy at TemHertz Frequencies I ROBERT L.
BROWN, ANTHONY R. KERR, A. RICHARD THOMPSON, and FREDERIC
R. SCHWAB 509
Science Observations with the IUE Using the One Gyro Mode I C. IMHOFF, R.
PITTS, R. ARQUILLA, C. SHRADER, M. PEREZ, and J. WEBB 517
New Methods of Determining Spacecraft Attitude I R. PITTS, T. JACKSON, and
R. GILMOZZl 521
Knowledge Based Automated Scheduling and Planning Tools for IUE I CHRIS R.
SHRADER 525
Earth Observation System Plans of India I M. G. CHANDRASHEKAR, V.
JAYA RAMN, C. B. S. DUTT, and B. MANIKIAM 531
The Stability of the Planetary Triangular Lagrange Points I SEPPO MIKKOLA and
K. A. INNANEN 533
Cosmic Rays and the Dynamic Balance in the Large MageUanic Cloud I CARL E.
FICHTEL, MEHMET E. OZEL, and ROBERT G. STONE 537
Limitations of Observational Cosmology I MENAS KAFA TOS 543
Structure of Radiatively Cooled Jets I MASA-AKI KONDO 551
A New Way for Testing of Light Deflection in Earth Orbit or Beyond I QIN
Yl-PING 555
Studying the Galactic Central Engine from Space Observatories / HOWARD D.
GREYBER 559
PARTICIPANTS IAU COLLOQUIUM 123, held in Greenbelt 24--27 April 1990 563
INDEX OF TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS 567
AGENDA IAU COLLOQUIUM No. 123 569
FOREWORD
When I became President of International Astronomical Union Commission 44 for
the triennial period 1985-1988, several members of the Organizing Committee and
I agreed that it would be a good idea for our Commission to host a conference on
observatories in space in view of their increasingly important role in astronomi cal
research. IAU Colloquium Number 123 "Observatories in Earth Orbit and Beyond"
is the first colloquium sponsored by IAU Com mission 44 on Astronomy from Space,
although Commission 44 has co-sponsored numerous colloquia and symposia in the
past.
The past two decades have seen a flourishing of astronomical observatories in
space. Over a dozen orbiting observatories have opened up a new window on the
universe, providing hitherto una vailable data in the electromagnetic spectral range
from gamma-ray, X-ray, ultraviolet to infrared and radio. This has clearly demon
strated the crucial nature of astronomical observations from space.
The invited talks of present colloquium consist primarily of reviews of currently
operating observatories in space, future observatories that have been approved by
sponsoring government or space agencies, the launch systems of U.S.A., E.S.A.,
U.S.S.R. and Japan, discussions of various orbits and sites (such as the Moon),
and alternate approaches in designing space observatories. Several panel discus
sions addressed those issues as well as the major unsolved problems of astronomy.
Contributed poster papers included descriptions of space observatories that are in
planning stage.
The Hubble Space Telescope was launched half an hour before the meeting
opened, making it a current observatory. The X-ray satellite, ROSAT, was discussed
as a future observatory at the meeting but was successfully placed in orbit a month
after the colloquium. The summary of ROSAT in the proceedings was prepared
several weeks after the launch and presents ROSAT as an operating satellite.
Some invited speakers and poster-paper contributors were unable to prepare in
time their presentations for publication in the proceedings, quite possibly because
of their involvement in various space programs or related research activities. In
such cases, their abstracts are published if available. If not, their presentations are
included by their titles only.
I wish to express my appreciation to the Scientific Organiz ing Committee for
their assistance in organizing the conference and to the Local Organizing Commit
tee, co-chaired by Drs. Mead and Michalitsianos, for their outstanding work. Of
course, this meeting would not have been possible without the enthusiastic partic
ipation of our colleagues who came despite their busy schedule. In all, 192 people
registered for the colloquium. Dr. S.A. Hall of the Library of Congress provided
capable assistance in editing the Proceedings and T. Busby-Lewis of West over
rendered an efficient logistic support for the conference.
Y. Kondo (ed.) , Observatories in Earth Orbit and Beyond, xi-xii.
©1990 J(/uwer Academic Publishers.