Observation of the Earth and its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors

600 Pages·1994·18.96 MB·English

by  Dr. Herbert J. Kramer (auth.)

H.I Kramer
Observation of the Earth
and its Environment
Survey of Missions and Sensors
Second Edition
with 170 Figures and 244 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Dr. Herbert J. Kramer
DLR-DFD
German Aerospace Research Establishment
German Remote Sensing Data Center
82230 Oberpfaffenhofen
Germany
The first edition was published under the title "Earth Observation
Remote Sensing".
ISBN 978-3-662-09040-4 ISBN 978-3-662-09038-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-09038-1
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992 and 1994
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1994
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
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Typesetting: Camera-ready by author
SPIN:I0466606 61/3020-543210 -Printed on acid -free paper
Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................. 1
Foreword to the 2. Edition .................................................. 5
Part A Survey of Spaceborne Missions and Sensors ........... . 7
Al ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) ................................. 7
A2 ACTIVE (AKTIVNY-IK) ............................................. 9
A2.l Subsatellite Magion-2 (C2-AK) ................................. 11
A3 ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite) .......................... " 13
A4 ADEOS II (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II) ...................... " 18
A5 AEM-2 (Applications Explorer Mission-2) .............................. " 19
A6 ALEXIS (Array of Low Energy X - Ray Imaging Sensors) .................. 20
A.7 ALMAZ Program .................................................... 22
A7.l COSMOS-1870. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22
A.7.2 ALMAZ-l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23
A.7.3 ALMAZ-1B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
A8 AMPTE (Active Magnetosphere Tracer Explorers) ........................ 29
A8.1 IRM Instrumentation (Sensors) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
A8.2 UKS Instrumentation (Sensors) ............................... " 33
A8.3 CCE Instrumentation (Sensors) ............................... " 33
A9 APEX (Active Plasma Experiment) ..................................... 33
A9.l APEX Subsatellite (Magion-3) Scientific Payload .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
AlO ARGOS (Data Collection System) ...................................... 36
A.ll ARISTOTELES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38
A.12 ATLAS.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
A.13 ATMOS ............................................................ 44
A14 CBERS (China/Brazil-Earth Resources Satellite) ....................... " 46
A.15 Cluster (Four SIC Mission in Concert with SOHO) ........................ 47
A.16 CORONAS-I........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
A.17 CRRES (Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite) ................ 55
A18 Dynamics Explorers (DE-l and DE-2) ................................... 58
A18.l DE-l Instruments (High Altitude Mission) ....................... 58
A18.2 DE-2 Instruments (Low Altitude Mission) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
A19 DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) ........................ 61
A19.l DMSP Data Availability -Visible and Infrared Imagery. . . . . . . . . . . .. 66
A20 EGS (Experimental Geodetic Satellite, Ajisai) ............................ 68
A21 EOS -Original Program Version ...................................... " 68
A22 EOS -Restructured Program Version (1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77
A22.l Mission to Planet Earth ...................................... " 78
A22.2 EOS AM-1 Mission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
A22.3 EOS Ocean Color Mission ..................................... 80
A22.4 EOS-Aerosol Mission ......................................... 80
A22.5 EOS-PMl Mission............................................ 80
A22.6 EOS-Altimeter Mission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81
A22.7 EOS-Chemistry Mission. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81
A22.8 Deferred or Deselected Sensors as a result of Restructuring ......... 81
VI Table of Contents
A.23 Equator -S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
A24 ERBS (Earth Radiation Budget Satellite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84
A25 ERS-1 (European Remote-Sensing Satellite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85
A.26 ERS-2....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 90
A.27 ETALON....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93
A28 EURECA (European Retrievable Carrier) ............................... 93
A28.1 EURECA-1 Mission .......................................... 94
A29 EXOS (Exospheric Observations) ....................................... 95
A29.1 EXOS-A (Kyokko) ............................................ 96
A29.2 EXOS-B (Jikiken) ............................................ 96
A29.3 EXOS-C (Ohzora) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 98
A29.4 EXOS-D (Akebono) .......................................... 98
A30 FAST (Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer) .................................. 102
A.31 Fengyun-1 ........................................................... 104
A.32 Fengyun-2 ........................................................... 105
A33 FORTE (Fast On-Orbit Recording of Transient Events) .................... 106
A.34 FREJA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107
A.35 GEMINI ............................................................ 111
A.36 GEO-IK ............................................................ 111
A37 GEOS (GEOstationary Satellite) ....................................... 112
A.37.1 GEOS-1 .................................................... 112
A.37.2 GEOS-2 .................................................... 113
A38 GEOS-3 (Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite) ..................... 113
A39 GEOSAT (Geodetic/Geophysical Satellite) ............................... 113
A40 GFO (Geosat Follow-On Program) ...................................... 114
A.41 GEOTAIL .......................................................... 115
A.42 GLONASS .......................................................... 117
A.43 GPS (NAVSTAR-GPS) ................................................ 119
A43.1 Availability of GPS/GLONASS Systems .......................... 122
A43.2 GPS Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122
A43.3 IGS (International GPS Service for Geodynamics) ................. 124
A.43.4 CIGNET................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 124
A.43.5 DGPS..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
A43.6 Future of GPS/GLONASS Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 126
A43.7 GPS Information Services for Civil User Community ............... 126
A44 GMS (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite) ............................ 127
A45 GOMS (Geost. Operational Meteorological Satellite) ...................... 127
A45.1 Radio Complex for Data Collection, Transmission and Relay ........ 128
A46 HCMM (Heat Capacity Mapping Mission) ............................... 130
A47 HIROS (High Resolution Observing Satellite) ............................ 131
A48 IMP-8 (International Monitoring Platform) ............................... 131
A.49 INSAT.............................................................. 133
A.50 INTERBALL........................................................ 134
A50.1 "Auroral Probe" Sensors ....................................... 135
A50.2 "Tail Probe" Sensors .......................................... 136
A51 IRS-1A (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) ................................ 139
A.51.1 IRS-lB ..................................................... 139
A51.2 IRS-lC/lD .................................................. 140
A51.3 IRS-IE (PI) ................................................. 141
A.51.4 IRS-P2 ...................................................... 141
Table of Contents VII
A.52 ISEE (International Sun-Earth Explorer) ................................. 142
A.52.1 ISEE-1 and -2 Mission ......................................... 142
A.52.2 ISEE-3 Mission .............................................. 145
A.53 JERS-1 (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite) ............................. 147
A.54 LAGEOS-I (Laser Geodynamics Satellite) ............................... 149
A.54.1 LAGEOS-II ................................................. 150
A.55 LANDSAT .......................................................... 151
A.55.1 Landsat-6 ................................................... 153
A.55.2 Landsat-7 ................................................... 155
A.55.3 Landsat Archival Data (Status) ................................. 155
A.56 LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) ................................ 155
A.57 LFC (LARGE FORMAT CAMERA) ................................... 158
A.58 LITE (Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment) ............................ 159
A.59 MAGSAT ........................................................... 160
A.60 MAPS (Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites) ...................... 160
A.61 METEOR-1 Series ................................................... 161
A.62 METEOR-2 Series ................................................... 162
A.63 METEOR-Priroda Series .............................................. 162
A.64 METEOR-3 Series ................................................... 163
A.65 METEOR-3M Series .................................................. 168
A.66 METEOSAT ........................................................ 169
A.66.1 MSG (METEOSAT Second Generation) ......................... 172
A.67 Microlab-1.......................................................... 173
A.68 MIR-1 Orbital Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 175
A.69 MOMS-01 ........................................................... 179
A.70 MOMS-02 ........................................................... 180
A.71 MOS (Marine Observation Satellite) .................................... 182
A.72 NIMBUS ........................................................... 183
A.73 NOAA-GOES ....................................................... 186
A.73.1 NOAA-GOES Data Collection System (DCS) ..................... 188
A.73.2 NOAA-GOES SEM Instruments ................................ 190
A.73.3 NOAA-GOES Second Generation .............................. 191
A.74 NOAA-POES ........................................................ 195
A.74.1 Planned POES series of NOAA ................................. 198
A.74.2 ARGOS on NOAA-POES Satellites ............................. 202
A.74.3 S&RSAT on NOAA-POES Satellite Series ........................ 203
A.75 ODIN .............................................................. 207
A.76 OKEAN-O .......................................................... 208
A.76.1 Experimental Cosmos Program ................................. 209
A.76.2 OKEAN-Ol Operational Series ................................. 210
A.76.3 OKEAN-O Series ............................................ 211
A.77 0rsted .............................................................. 212
A.78 POEM (Polar Orbit Earth-Observation Missions) ......................... 213
A.78.1 ENVISAT-l ................................................. 214
A.78.2 METOP-l ................................................... 221
A.79 POLAR ............................................................ 224
A.80 PoSAT-A (Portuguese Satellite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 227
A.81 PRARE Tracking System .............................................. 228
A.82 PRIRODA-1 ........................................................ 231
A.83 RADARSAT ........................................................ 239
VIII Table of Contents
A.84 RESURS-F ......................................................... 241
A.85 RESURS-O ......................................................... 243
A.86 SAFIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 245
A87 Salyut Space Station .................................................. 248
A88 SAMPEX (Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer) ......... 248
A89 SAN MARCO D/L ................................................... 250
A90 SCDI (Satelite de Coleta de Dados) ..................................... 252
A.90.l SSRI ....................................................... 253
A.9l SEASAT ............................................................ 254
A.92 SeaStar ............................................................. 255
A93 Shuttle EO Imaging Cameras. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 257
A93.l Shuttle Film Camera Systems ................................... 258
A94 SIR-A (Shuttle Imaging Radar) ......................................... 259
A.95 SIR-B .............................................................. 260
A.96 SIR-C/X-SAR ........................................................ 261
A97 SKYLAB Space Station ............................................... 263
A98 SME (Solar Mesosphere Explorer) ...................................... 264
A99 SMM (Solar Maximum Mission) ........................................ 265
A100 SORO (Solar and Reliospheric Observatory) ............................. 268
A.lOl SOLAR-A (Yohkoh) .................................................. 272
A.l02 Spacelab-l .......................................................... 273
A.l03 Spacelab-3 .......................................................... 274
A.l04 SPOT .............................................................. 274
A.l04.l Spot-3 ...................................................... 277
A.l04.2 Spot-4 ...................................................... 277
A.l04.3 Spot-Radar .................................................. 278
A.l05 Starlette ............................................................ 278
A.I06 Stella ............................................................... 279
A107 TEMISAT (Telespazio Micro Satellite) ................................... 279
A.l08 TIMED ............................................................. 283
A.l09 TOMS Missions ...................................................... 285
A.l09.l TOMS-EP ................................................... 286
A.109.2 TOMS/NSCAT on ADEOS .................................... 287
All0 TOPEXIPOSEIDON ................................................. 287
A.llO.l DORIS ..................................................... 288
All1 TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) ............................ 290
A112 UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite) ........................... 293
A.113 Viking .............................................................. 297
A.114 WIND .............................................................. 300
PartB Survey of Airborne Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 303
B.l AES (Airborne Emission Spectrometer) ................................. 305
B.2 AIMR (Airborne Imaging Microwave Radiometer) ........................ 306
B.3 AIR-93 (Airborne Imaging 93 GHz Radiometer) .......................... 306
B.4 AIRSAR (Airborne SAR) ............................................. 307
B.4.l TOPSAR (Interferometric Radar Topographic Mapping Instrument) . 309
B.5 AIS (Airborne Imaging Spectrometer) ................................... 310
B.6 AISA (Airborne Imaging Spectrometer for different Applications) ........... 311
B.7 ALAS (Airborne Laser Altimeter System) ................................ 312
Table of Contents IX
B.8 ALF (Airborne Laser Fluorosensor) ..................................... 314
B.9 ALIAS (Aircraft Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer) .................. 315
B.9.1 ALIAS-Ion ER-2 Aircraft ..................................... 316
B.9.2 ALIAS-II on Perseus Aircraft ................................... 316
B.lO ALPS (Airborne Laser Polarization Sensor) .............................. 317
B.ll AMMR (Airborne Multichannel Microwave Radiometer) ................... 318
B.12 AMMS (Airborne Microwave Moisture Sounder) .......................... 318
B.13 AMPR (Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer) ................... 318
B.14 AMSS MK-II (Airborne Multi-Spectral Scanner) .......................... 319
B.15 AOL (Airborne Oceanographic Lidar) ................................... 320
B.16 ARGUS (Two-Channel Atmospheric Tracer Instrument) .................... 321
B.17 ARMAR (Airborne Rain Mapping Radar) ............................... 322
B.18 ASAS (Advanced Solid-State Array Spectroradiometer) .................... 324
B.19 ATLAS (Airborne Tunable Laser Absorption Spectrometer) ................ 325
B.20 ATLAS (Airborne TerrestriaL Applications Scanner) ....................... 326
B.21 AVIRIS (Airborne VisiblelInfrared Imaging Spectrometer) ................. 327
B.22 CAESAR ........................................................... 329
B.23 CALS (Cloud and Aerosol Lidar System) ................................. 331
B.24 CAMS (Calibrated Airborne Multispectral Scanner) ....................... 331
B.25 CAR (Cloud Absorption Radiometer) ................................... 332
B.26 CARABAS (Coherent All RAdio BAnd Sensing) .......................... 333
B.27 CASI (Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager) ......................... 335
B.28 Chinese Airborne Instruments .......................................... 336
B.28.1 CIS (Chinese Imaging Spectrometer) ............................ 336
B.28.2 AMS (Airborne Multispectral Scanner) .......................... 337
B.28.3 TIMS (Thermal Imaging Multispectral Scanner) ................... 337
B.28.4 MAIS (Modular Airborne Imaging Spectrometer) ................. 337
B.28.5 Prototype Scanner ............................................ 338
B.28.6 CAS-SAR (Chinese Academy of Sciences SAR) ................... 339
B.29 CHRISS (Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrograph Sensor) .......... 340
B.30 CNC (Condensation Nucleus Counter) .................................. 342
B.31 Condor-APV (Autonomously Piloted Vehicle) ............................ 342
B.32 C/X-SAR ........................................................... 343
B.33 Daedalus Instruments (Digital Multispectral Scanner) ...................... 345
B.33.1 ATM (Airborne Thematic Mapper) .............................. 345
B.33.2 Analog Bispectral Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 346
B.33.3 Analog and Digital Bispectral/Multispectral Instruments ... . . . . . . . .. 348
B.33.4 AOCI (Airborne Ocean Color Imager Spectrometer) ............... 349
B.33.5 AMS (Airborne Multispectral Scanner) .......................... 350
B.33.6 TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner) ................... 351
B.33.7 Wildfire ..................................................... 352
B.33.8 MAS (MODIS Airborne Simulator) ............................. 352
B.33.9 MIVIS (Multispectral Infrared and Visible Spectrometer) ........... 352
B.34 DLR Lidar Instruments ............................................... 354
B.35 DOE Airborne Instruments in ARM Program ............................. 356
B.35.1 MPIR (Multispectral Pushbroom Imaging Radiometer) ............. 356
B.35.2 CDL (Cloud Detection Lidar) .................................. 357
B.35.3 HONER (Hemispherical Optimized Net-flux Radiometer) .......... 357
B.35.4 UAV-AERI (UAV Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer) ... 358
B.36 DO-SAR (Dornier SAR) .............................................. 359
X Table of Contents
B.37 DRA-SAR (Defense Research Agency SAR) ............................. 360
B.38 Dual Polarized 37 GHz Radiometer ..................................... 361
B.39 DUTSCAT (DUT Airborne Radar Scatterometer) ......................... 361
B.40 EDOP (ER-2 Doppler Radar) .......................................... 362
B.41 ELDORNASTRAIA ................................................. 363
B.42 EMIRAD (Electromagnetics Institute Radiometer) ........................ 365
B.43 EMISAR (Electromagnetics Institute SAR) .............................. 366
B.44 ER-2 High-Altitude Aircraft Program .................................... 367
B.45 EROS Digital Imagery and Photographic Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 368
B.45.1 Airborne Science and Applications Program (ASAP) ............... 369
B.46 E-SAR (Experimental SAR) ........................................... 369
B.47 E-SLAR (Experimental Side-Looking Airborne Radar) .................... 370
B.48 ESMR (Electronically Scanned Microwave Radiometer) .................... 371
B.49 ESTAR (Electronically Steered Thinned Array Radiometer) ................ 371
B.50 FLASH (FOA Laser Airborne Sounder for Hydrography) .................. 374
B.51 FLI (Fluorescence Line Imager) ........................................ 375
B.52 FOLPEN (Foliage Penetration VHF Impulse SAR) ........................ 375
B.52.1 GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) ............................... 376
B.53 GER Corporation Instruments ......................................... 377
B.53.1 ASTER Simulator ............................................ 377
B.53.2 DAIS-2815 (Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer) .............. 378
B.53.3 DAIS-7915 (Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer) .............. 379
B.53.4 DAIS-16115 (Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer) ............. 380
B.53.5 GER-63 Channel Scanner ...................................... 380
B.54 Harvard Atmospheric Chemistry Instruments ............................. 380
B.54.1 OHJH02-Instrument .......................................... 380
B.54.2 CIO/BrO Instrument .......................................... 381
B.54.3 H20 Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 381
B.54.4 03 Instrument ............................................... 382
B.54.5 ClON02-Instrument .......................................... 382
B.54.6 NOy-Instrument .............................................. 383
B.54.7 C02-Instrument .............................................. 383
B.55 HIS (High-Resolution Interferometer Sounder) ........................... 383
B.56 HUTSCAT (Helsinki University of Technology Scatterometer) .............. 385
B.57 HUTSLAR (HUT Side-Looking Airborne Radar) ......................... 386
B.58 HYDICE (Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment) ............ 387
B.59 ISM (Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) ................................... 388
B.60 LAC (Large Area Collector) ........................................... 389
B.61 LARSEN (Airborne Scanning Lidar) .................................... 390
B.62 LASE (Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment) ........................... 391
B.63 LEAF (Laser Environmental Airborne Fluorosensor) ...................... 391
B.64 LEANDRE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 393
B.65 LFS (Laser Fluorosensor) ............................................. 393
B.66 LIP (Lightning Instrument Package) ..................................... 395
B.67 M-7 (Mapper Multispectral Testbed) .................................... 396
B.68 MAMS (Multispectral Atmospheric Mapping Sensor) ...................... 399
B.69 MARA (Multimode Airborne Radar Altimeter) ........................... 399
B.70 MCR (Multispectral Cloud Radiometer) ................................. 401
B.71 MEIS (Multi-detector Electro-optical Imaging Sensor) ..................... 402
B. 72 MERES (Multifrequency Radiometer for Remote Sensing of the Sea Surface) . 403
Table of Contents XI
B.73 MINISCAT .......................................................... 404
B.74 MIR (Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer) ............................. 405
B.75 MkIV (Mark-IV Interferometer) ........................................ 405
B.76 MMS (Meteorological Measurement System) ............................. 406
B.77 MMW-SAR (Millimeter Wave SAR) .................................... 407
B.78 MSS (Maritime Surveillance System) .................................... 408
B.78.1 SLAR (Side-Looking Airborne Radar) ........................... 409
B.78.2 IRIUV (InfraredlUltraviolet System) ............................ 409
B.78.3 MWR (Scanning Microwave Radiometer) ........................ 410
B.78.4 Camera (Photographic Camera System) .......................... 410
B.78.5 Video (Video Camera System) .................................. 410
B.79 MTP (Microwave Temperature Profiler) ................................. 410
B.80 MTS (Millimeter-Wave Temperature Sounder) ............................ 411
B.81 MUSIC (MUlti-Spectral Infrared Camera) ............................... 412
B.82 NAILS (NCAR Airborne Infrared Lidar System) .......................... 413
B.83 NASIC (NASA Aircraft-Satellite Instrument Calibrator) .................... 414
B.84 NCAR Electra Aircraft Instrumentation ................................. 416
B.85 NEC-SAR (NEC Corporation SAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 417
B.86 NS001 (Thematic Mapper Simulator) .................................... 419
B.87 NUSCAT (Airborne Ku-Band Scatterometer) ............................. 419
B.88 OLS (Oceanographic Lidar System) ..................................... 421
B.89 P-3!SAR ............................................................ 421
B.90 PBMR (Pushbroom Microwave Radiometer) ............................. 423
B.91 PERSEUS (Unmanned High-Altitude Research Aircraft) ................... 424
B.92 PHARUS (PHased ARray Universal SAR) ............................... 426
B.93 PMS (Particle Measuring Systems Inc.) Instruments ........................ 427
B.94 POLDER (Airborne Instrument) ....................................... 430
B.95 PORTOS ........................................................... 431
B.96 PRIRODA Airborne Instruments ....................................... 432
B.97 Radius (Microwave Radiometer) ........................................ 433
B.98 RAMS (RAdiation Measurement System) ................................ 434
B.99 RAMSES (Radar Aeroporte Multi-Spectral d'Etude des Signatures) .......... 435
B.100 RMK (ReihenmeBkammer -Metric Camera) ............................. 436
B.101 ROSIS (Reflective Optics System Imaging Spectrometer) ................... 438
B.102 ROWS (Radar Ocean Wave Spectrometer) ............................... 439
B.103 SFSI (SWIR Full Spectrographic Imager) ................................ 440
B.104 SILVACAM (Real-time False Color CCD Video Camera) ................... 441
B.105 SLAR (Side-Looking Airborne Radar, NLR) ............................. 442
B.106 SMIFTS (Spatially Modulated Imaging FTS) ............................. 442
B.107 SSTR (Sea Surface Temperature Radiometer) ............................ 446
B.108 STAR (Sea-Ice and Terrain Assessment Radar) ........................... 446
B.109 STRATO 2C (Piloted High-Altitude Research Aircraft) .................... 448
B.110 Sun Photometer ...................................................... 449
B.110.1 HIRAASS (High Resolution Airborne Autotracking Sun Spectrometer) 449
B.111 TRWIS (TRW Imaging Spectrometer) ................................... 450
B.1l2 TSCC (Translinear Scanning CCD Camera) .............................. 450
B.1l3 TU-134A (Tupolev Flying Laboratory) ................................... 451
B.1l3.1 IMARC (Imaging Multifrequency Airborne Radar Complex) ........ 451
B.1l3.2 SIR (Scanning Infrared Radiometer) ............................ 453
B.113.3 AFA-41/10 (Aerial Foto Apparatus) ............................. 453