Disclosures: No conflicts of interest to report. No promotional funding or financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies, or other reimbursements. By Alex Getz MD Will discuss evidence from published studies And Jozef Zelenak MD Will notify of any off label use Objectives ADHD History 1. Have a better understanding of many new ADHD Benzedrine (racemic amphetamine)‐FDA stimulant treatment options. approved as a bronchodilator in 1936. 2. Have a better understanding or how newer Dr. Charles Bradley found it helpful for children’s stimulant treatments may be tailored for each behavior and focus in school as a side effect in patient. asthmatics 3. Have a better understanding of new medications Benzedrine also used for pilots on long missions in in other classes for Child Psychiatry WWII (and James Bond) In 1959 FDA made it a prescription drug Bennie and the Jets(benzedrine and speed)RHCP, REM etc 3 4 ADHD History PSYCHOSTIMULANTS Ritalin and stimulants made schedule III by the Comprehensive Abuse Prevention and Control Act of Best studied of all psychotropics (since 1937‐benzadrine) 1970 70% kids respond to either Methylphenidate (MPH) or Dextroamphetamine salts (DAS )and 90% will respond to Stimulants made schedule II in 1971 one or the other 1973‐Section 504‐special accommodations for ADHD If side effects intolerable or no efficacy, try another class in the school May be slightly reduced efficacy in adults Array of drugs with different pharmacokinetics Drugs of choice 5 6 History History Ritalin (methylphenidate)FDA approved in 1955 as a Adderall(mixed amphetamine salts stimulant 75%D/25%L)introduced in 1960 1stused on “emotionally disturbed children” in 1963 2001‐Adderall XR‐1stcontrolled release amphetamine 1982‐Ritalin SR‐first sustained release based ADHD medication 2001‐Focalin‐1stdexmethylphenidate Amphetamine is short for alphamethylphenethylamine 7 8 Contraindications to Psychostimulants Cautions Previous sensitivity Cardiovascular disease or history Severe cardiovascular disease Hypertension Cardiac structural abnormalities Hyperthyroidism Cardiomyopathy Glaucoma Severe arrhythmias Psychosis Coronary Artery Disease Bipolar disorder Tics or Tourette Syndrome 9 10 Caution Common Side Effects Seizure history Decreased appetite Substance abuse history Insomnia Weight loss Abdominal pain Irritability Xerostomia Nausea 11 12 Common Side Effects Metabolism Increased heart rate MPH(methylphenidate) is a racemic mixture where d‐ Increased blood pressure enantiomer is active form metabolized about 90% by carboxylesterase CES1A1 (Sun 2004) and small amount via CYP2D6 Amphetamines are metabolized via CYP2D6 13 14 Pharmacology Pharmacology Sympathomimetics Orbitofrontal cortex‐ Block reuptake and increase release of norepinephrine Stimulants help with impulsivity in this region and dopamine in extraneuronal space Dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus‐ Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex‐dopamine and stimulants help with selective attention in this region norepinephrine enhancement improves attention concentration, executive function and wakefulness 15 16 Pharm cont. Methylphenidate Basal ganglia and prefrontal motor cortex‐dopamine Methylphenidates are indicated age 6 and up enhancement improves hyperactivity Immediate release methylphenidate was used in the Medial prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus‐ Pediatric ADHD Treatment Study ages 3‐5 and was enhancement of norepinephrine and dopamine may found to be well tolerated and efficacious improve fatigue, sleepiness and depression MTA trial for the treatment of ADHD used methylphenidate 17 18 Methylphenidate Short acting Methylphenidate Immediate release: 3‐4 hrs vs 4‐5 hours for Immediate release continued‐3‐4 hours amphetamine Focalin‐twice as potent (D‐methylphenidate) as racemic All are racemic except focalin methylphenidate MPH (Ritalin) Same potency as mixed amphetamine salts like Adderall RitalinSR 6‐8 hrs (wax‐matrix) meaning it is 1:1 Metadate ER (wax matrix) Methylin (wax matrix) Methylin chewable (grape)2.5, 5, 10 and liquid 5mg/tsp and 10mg/tsp 19 20 Methylphenidate Methylphenidate Advantages of short acting stimulants Short acting disadvantages Safe and effective Short duration of action (3‐4 hours) Clinical effects in 30 minutes Effects compliance Often used as booster doses when a long acting may Need to go to the nurse at lunch for mid day dosing wear off around 6‐12 hours post am dose may need dosing 3 times a day 21 22 Many formulations of MPH Focalin XR Long acting: Focalin XR Metadate CD (particles, can use out of capsule i.e. ‐biphasic delivery of sprinkling over applesauce) lasts 8hrs dexMPH using immediate and delay release beads 30% IR 70%ER so dose increases throughout the day 50% immediate release beads Ritalin LA (particles, can use out of capsule) lasts 50% delayed release beads 8hrs 50%IR 50%ER Lasts 6‐8 hours 20mg of Ritalin LA dosed at 8 AM has the same area Can be dosed twice daily under the curve bioavailability as 10mg of immediate release MPH dosed at 8AM and another 10mg dosed at 12PM in a bimodal curve 23 24 Focalin XR Bimodal hump AUC Conversion Focalin XR 10mg = 10mg of Adderall XR Focalin XR 10mg = 20mg of Ritalin LA 25 26 Concerta Concerta Concerta‐for >= 6yo, start 18mg, max 72mg Capsule only so must be swallowed delivers racemic MPH using immediate release Dose increases throughout the day simulating the area coating and delayed release under the curve (AUC) of IR methylphenidate dosed 3 Osmotic mechanism times a day but with less variation 22% immediate release Increasing dose may extend duration of action. 78% delayed via Oroz delivery system 27 28 Concerta vs MPH IR TID Concerta conversion (Ritalin = Concerta) Ritalin 5 mg = Concerta 18 mg Ritalin 15 mg = Concerta 54 mg 29 30 Transdermal MPH Daytrana patch Daytrana (trans dermal patch preparation) >= 6yo still active ~2 hours after removed so make sure Start 10mg, max 30mg removed well before bedtime eliminates first pass On 9 hours during the day and 15 hours off metabolism so more methylphenidate is bioavailable Onset is 2 hours so patients may need am booster Can also have more insomnia, anorexia and tics No need to swallow pills 31 32 Daytrana Conversion Newer Methylphenidates Quillivant XR Quillichew ER Aptensio XR Cotempla XR‐ODT 33 34 Newer Methylphenidates Quillivant XR Quillivant XR‐Pfizer Inc., Sep 2012 20 mg q.AM. (Age ≥ 6 FDA approved) racemic methylphenidate hydrochloride Increase 10mg to 20mg per day at weekly intervals; First once‐daily extended‐release liquid med for onset at 45min; lasted up to 12hrs post‐dosing. ADHD Max dose is 60mg QAM Extended‐release oral suspension (liquid), 25mg/5ml‐ Avg cost /month per Good RX $272 banana flavored solution Advantage‐liquid, favorable area under the curve, lasts 12 hours Similar to a liquid Concerta AUC 35 36 Quillivant XR Quillichew ER Contains methylphenidate in 20% immediate‐release Quillichew ER‐chewable tablets and 80% extended‐release formulations for once daily racemic methylphenidate hydrochloride dosing. 30% immediate‐release and 70% extended‐release Quillivant XR® contains Tris Pharma’s patent‐ formulations for once daily dosing. protected OralXR+™ technology Cherry Flavored FDA approved 9/2012 May take without food 37 38 Quillichew ER Quillichew ER Start‐20 mg q.AM. (Age ≥ 6‐FDA approved) Max 60mg Contains Tris Pharma’s patent‐protected OralXR+™ qday technology, which involves a robust aqueous polymer 10mg, 15mg or 20mg per day at weekly intervals; onset coating of medication particles and provides a at 45min; controlled and extended release of the medication. lasted up to 8hrs post‐dosing FDA approved December 2015 Avg cost /month per Good RX $318 Advantage‐chewable with a favorable area under the curve Similar to a chewable Concerta 39 40 Aptensio XR Aptensio XR Aptensio XR ( racemic methylphenidate HCl) • doses (10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60mg), (4/2015 FDA approved, Rhodes Pharmaceuticals) • start 10mg, max 60mg/d 40% immediate release, 60% extended release • FDA approved for >=6yo, formulation in multilayered beads (similar to a longer • advantage‐lasts 12hr and is the longest acting acting Metadate CD) methylphenidate so may be suitable for children Lasts up to 12 hours and is one of the longest acting needing a longer duration of action with one dose methylphenidate products • Good RX $227 41 42 Cotempla XR‐ODT Cotempla XR‐ODT Cotempla XR‐ODT(methylphenidate) Is the first and only extended‐release methylphenidate FDA approved age 6‐17 on June 19, 2017 orally disintegrating tablet for ADHD treatment available in US. Lasts 12 hours 43 44 Cotempla XR‐ODT Amphetamines Contains Neos Therapeutics' patent‐protected Rapidly Dextroamphetamine sulfate (4‐5 hrs) Disintegrating Ion Masking (RDIM)™ technology, Dexedrine spansules (5‐9 hrs) (particles, a‐2 hr which involves polymer‐coated resin particles that delay in onset of action) disintegrate orally. Adderall (mixed 3:1 D to L amphetamine salts), generic (4‐5 hrs) Adderall XR (can remove from capsule and sprinkle, lasts 8 hrs) Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) remove capsule, water soluble powder, 12 hrs 45 46 Adderall XR Vyvanse 50% IR beads and 50%ER beads Vyvanse‐lisdexamfetamine Adderall XR 10mg dosed at 8am is equivalent to IR D‐amphetamine bound to lysine as a prodrug and is Adderall 5mg dosed at 8am and IR Adderall 5mg the only prodrug in its class dosed at 12noon Intranasal or IV dosing produces no euphoric effects Was an attempt to not be a controlled substance. Is Can be sprinkled in applesauce still Sched II for high potential for abuse with abuse leading to dependence like all stimulants. Still has similar diversion value 47 48 Vyvanse Newer Amphetamines Vyvanse(lisdexamfetamine)‐FDA approved >=6yo Zenzedi Start 10‐30mg QAM and increase by 10mg/day every Evekeo week Adzenys XR‐ODT Max is 70mg qday Dyanavel Lasts 10‐14 hours Myadayis Adults only! Indication by the FDA in January 2015 for Binge Eating Disorder in Adults 49 50 Zenzedi Zenzedi Zenzedi® is dextroamphetamine sulfate provided as a Starting dose2.5 mg q.d. (Age 3‐5); tablet which contains only the dextroamphetamine 5 mg q.d. or b.i.d. (Age ≥ 6) (D‐AMP) isomer May increase 2.5mg per day for 3‐5yo at weekly It is an immediate release formulation intervals and 5mg per day at weekly intervals for 6+ Released 6/2013 Divided doses should be given in 4‐6 hour intervals Max daily dose is 40mg per day 51 52 Zenzedi Zenzedi Animal studies showed that, in comparable doses, D‐ It may be a better option for predominantly AMP is more effective than L‐AMP at reducing hyperactive/impulsive type hyperactivity and impulsivity, and has less pronounced May have fewer adverse cardiac effects compared to effect than L‐AMP on the cardiovascular system products with L‐isomer amphetamine Good rx average cost per month $70 Also indicated for narcolepsy >=6yo 53 54 Evekeo Evekeo Evekeo(racemic amphetamine mixed salts) May increase 2.5mg per day at weekly intervals for 3‐5 (Sep 2014, Arbor Pharmaceuticals) year olds, Similar to Adderall(75%D‐/25%L), but racemic 50% 5mg per day at weekly intervals for 6 years and older, dextro/ 50%levo‐ divided doses should be given in 4‐6 hour intervals; FDA approved age >= 3 yo onset at 45min; Start 2.5 mg q.d. (Age 3‐5); lasted up to 10hrs post‐dosing. 5 mg q.d. or b.i.d. >=6 $397 on Good Rx 55 56 Evekeo Evekeo Animal studies showed that, in comparable doses, D‐ Evekeo™, with a higher proportion of L‐AMP to D‐ AMP is more effective than L‐AMP at reducing AMP as compared to Adderall®, hyperactivity and impulsivity, may be more effective for patients with the L‐AMP is more effective than D‐AMP at improving predominantly inattentive type of ADHD. sustained attention. 57 58 Evekeo Evekeo Evekeo™ may have a more pronounced effect on the Evekeo™ also is indicated for treatment of narcolepsy cardiovascular system than Adderall® since L‐AMP has and exogenous obesity. greater effect on the cardiovascular system than D‐ ADHD age 3‐5 AMP. Narcolepsy age 6+ Obesity age 12+ 59 60
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