Objective biology vol. 1 by Dr. Ali

597 Pages·050.788 MB·English

by  Dr.Ali

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CONTENTS
1 - 96
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Chapter 1 The Living World 1
Chapter 2 Biological Classification 17
Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom 41
Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom 68
97 - 181
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
- 97
Chapter 5 Morphology of flowering Plants
Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants 120
Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals 146
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182 - 283
STRUCTURAL AND FuNCTIONS
Chapter 8 Cell : The Unit of Life 182
Chapter 9 Biomolecules 216
Chapter 10 Cell cycle and Cell Division 249
284 - 402
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 11 Transport in Plants 284
Chapter 12 Mineral Nutrition 313
Chapter 13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 332
364
Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants
Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development 385
403 - 569
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption 403
Chapter 17 Breathing and Exchange of Gases 425
Chapter 18 Body Fluids and Circulation 446
Chapter 19 Excretory Products and their Eliminatio __ 477
501
Chapter 20 Locomotion and Movement
Chapter 21 Neural Control and Coordination 521
Chapter 22 Chemical Coordination and Integration 548
570 - 578
XI I
CLASS - F'uLL SYLLABUS TEST PAPER -
579 - 588
CLASS - XI F'uLL SYLLABUS TEST p APER - II
589 - 596
XI III
CLASS - FuLL SYLLABUS TEST PAPER -
LIVING WORLD
111 Ill
I. Increase in mass II. Differentiation Ill. Increase in number of individuals IV. Response to stimuli
Which two points are known as the twin characteristics of growth?
(a) I and II (b) I and IV (c) II.and Ill (d) I and Ill
Cell division occurs in plants and -----in animals
(a) Continuously, only upto a certain age (b) Only upto a certain age, continuously
(c) Continuously, never (d) Once, twice
Generally growth and reproduction are -
(a) Mutually inclusive events I (b) Mutually exclusive eve~_ {
(c) Either a orb (d) None ·
Match the Column I with Column II -
Column I Column II
A Planaria I. Binary fission
B. Fungi II. Asexual spores
C. Yeast Ill. Budding
D. Hydra IV. True regeneration
E. Amoeba V. Fragmentation
F. Species Plantarum and Systema Naturae VI. Linnaeus
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(a) A- I, B - II, C - Ill, D - IV, E -VI, F -V (b) A- IV, B - II, V, C - Ill, D - Ill, E -1, F -VI
(c)A-111, B.-11, C -IV, D - Ill, E-VI, F -I (d)A-11, B-111, C-1, 0- IV, E-11, F -VI ·~· ~~. -('.
Which set of organisms multiply by fragmentation? '
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(a) Earthworm, Amoeba, fungi (b) Earthworm, fungi, bacteria • <
(c) Fungi, filamentous algae, protonema of mosses (d) Amoeba, Hydra, bacteria ' /'
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Which of the following organisms do not reproduce? ~·-
(a) Mules (b) Sterile worker bees (c) both a and b (d) None "'' 0 f1:J ci---v---~ .
Metabolic reactions take place - !\
(a) In isolated cell-free systems (b) In living systems
(c) Both a and b (d) Either a orb
8. Organisms that can respond to stimuli are - .
b_ '
(a) Eukaryotes only (b) Prokaryotes only \ 6
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(c) Both Prokaryotes and eukaryotes (d) Those with a well developed nervous system
9. I. Growth II. Reproduction Ill. Response to stimuli IV. Metabolism V. Cellular organisation
Which of the above features are generally characteristic of life?
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/ (a) I, II, IV, V .(b)All (c) II, Ill, IV (d) I, II, Ill, V
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Growth, development and functioning of living body is due to - ~(]II"'"'~·
(a) Order (b) Homeostasis (c) M-etabolism/ (d)f'.daptations
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11. Which ty.p.e .o.f o.rg_an_isa_tion is found in only-living b.e ings:-
(a) Atomic (b) Molecular (c) Mixture (d) S~bce~
12. Organisation levels in living beings are -
(a) Subcellular ~ cellular ~ individual ~ community ~ population
(b)Atomic ~molecular~ subcellular ~cellular~ tissue~ organ~ individual
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(c) Individual-... population -... organ system-... tissue-... cellular-... molecular-... atomic
(d) Atomic __,.. molecular-... tissue __,.. individual -... ecosystem -... community
. Given below are assertion and reason. Point out if both are true and the reason is correct explanation (I), both are true
but reason is not correct explanation (II), assertion is true but reason is wrong (Ill) and both are wrong (IV).
Assertion - Death is regarded as the most regulatory process on earth.
Reason - It avoids over-crowding caused by continuous reproduction.
(a) I (b) II (c) Ill (d) IV
, ·\ 14. Biological organisation begins at-
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rJ (a) Cellular level · (b) Atomic level .
()/\11, 0 J~}c) Organismic level (d) SubmJ_croscopic molecular level. ,....-L~,
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t'l,./ ~~ A living organism can be exceptionally differentiated from a no,nliving t~lng on the basis of its ability for-
ryf;j (a) reproduction (b) Growth and movement
' ~ ~ ~ (c) Respons!'.1eness to touch (d) Interaction with environment and progressive evolution
~I ~-/ Linnaeus evolved a system of nomenclature called -
(a) Mononomial (b) Vernacular (c) Binomial (d) Polynomial
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Which one is the species?
(a) Carnivor~ (b) Canis (c) fa_['l"1-iliari~ (d) C_an,is familiaris
Binomial nomenclature seems to be difficult because a scientific name is derived from -
(a) English (b) Sanskrit (c) Latin (d) French
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Two plants are taxonomically related if - C@1- o:i::t w..,
(a) They store carbohydrate in the same type of molecule -
(b) Both obtain energy from hydrolysis of ~i_:p into ADP ;:indl~rganic phosphate
(c) Both have similarly lobed palmate leaves
(d) Both have pinnately veined leaves
2 . A group of plants or animals with similar traits of any rank is -
(a) Species (b) Genus (c) Order (d) Taxon
21. Binomal nomenclature means -
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(a) One name given by two scientists
(b) One scientific name consisting of a generic and specific epithet
(c) Two names, one latinised, other of a person
(d) Two names, one scientific, other local
2 ,._... Basic unit or smallest taxon of taxonomy I classification is -
(a) Species (b) Kingdom (c) Family (d) Variety
23. Father of taxonomy is -
(a) De Candolle (b) Hooker (c) Linnaeus (d ) Aristotle
24. A scientist connected with the study of variations, evolution and origin along with classification is known as -
(a) Classi~al taxonomist (b) Herbal taxonomist (c) Modern taxonomist (d) New taxonomist
· 25. Linnaeus system of classification was based on -
(a) Morphology (b) Ecology (c) Embryology (d) Cytology
26. First act in taxonomy is -
(a) Description (b) Identification (c) Naming (d) Classification
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27. Taxonomy based on d:!ermination of genetic relationships ls -
(a) C~xonomy . ' (b) Numerical .taxqnQIDy-
~c) E~tal taxo~
Biochemical taxonomy (d)
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28. A group of interbreeding organisms is-
(a) Genus (b) Family (c) Order (d) Species.
29. A taxon is -
(a) A group of related families (b)Agroup of related species
(c) A type of living organisms (d) A taxonomic group of any ranking.
30~ Branch connected with nomenclature, identification and classification is -
(a) Ecology (b) Taxonomy (c) Morphology (d) Physiology.
3 . Sequence of taxonomic categori~s is -
(a) Class:-- Phylum - Tribe-Order-Family-Genus-Species
(b) Division-Class-Family-Tribe-Order-Genus-Species
(c) Division - Class - Order-Family-Tribe - Genus - Species
(d) Phylum - Order-Class - Tribe -Family-Genus - Species.
32. The third name in trinomial nomenclature is -
(a) Species (b) Subgenus (c) Subspecies ( d) Ecotype.
3. In nomenclature-
(a) Both genus and species are printed in italics
(b) Genus and species may be of same name
(c) Both in genus & species, the first letter is capital
(d) Genus is written after the species.
In fish, Cat/a cat/a the specific name is identical with the generic name, thus it is an example of
(a) antonym (b) tautonym (c) synonym (d) homonym
9,
Species A and species Bare in the same phylum. Species A and species but not species B, are in the same order.
From this information you can conclude that ____
(a) species C could be in the same class as species A and B
(b) all three species are members of the same genus
(c) all three species are not members of the same phylum
(d) species A and species Bare in the same family
Which one of the following is not a correct statement?
(a) Herbarium houses dried, pressed and preserved plant specimens
(b) Botanical gardens have collection of living plants for reference
(c) A museum has collection of photographs of plants and animals
(d) Key is a taxonomic aid for identification of specimens
Mayer's bjs>logical concepts of spec(Ws mainly based on
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(a) Morphological traits (b) Reproductive isolation
(c) Modes of reproduction (d) Morphology and reproduction.
In the following flow diagram, identify the correct categories.
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Angiospermae l+~[[]+[]J+[~}-[[]+-1 Species
I. Wheat and mango belongs to same category B.
II. Potato, brinjal and makoi belong to same category E.
Ill. Muscidae, anacardiaceae and angiospermae beJong to category A
IV. Gorilla, gibbon and chimpanzee belongs to same category D.
V. Dicotyledonae and monocotyledonae belongs to category C.
Select the correct statement :
(a) IV, II, Ill (b) I, Ill, V (c) II, IV (d) V, II, IV
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39. Recognise the following flow diagram and the find correct option according to taxonomic hierarchy.
I l+-[]J+-[]}-[KJ.-1 I
Angiospermae Mangifera
(a) A is comparable to muscidae while Bis at the same level as that of primata
(b) C includes all the angiosperms having two cotyledons in their seeds
(c) For wheat A is poaceae, Bis poales and C is monocotyledonae
(d) All of the above are correct statements.
40. Recognise the following flow diagram and find the correct option according to taxonomic hierarchy.
I l+-1 l+-[]]+-[K]+-1 I
Angiospermae Dicotyledonae Petunia
(a)A-Sapindales, 8-Anacardiaceae (b) A-Polymoniales, B -Convolvulaceae
,Ac) A- Polymoniales, B - Solanaceae (d) A-Solanaceae, B - Polymoniales
6~Which of the following statements best describes "emer e pm~
(a) The properties of individual molecules which perform a specific chemical function.
(b) The function ~fa group of molecules is more than the abilities of a single molecule in the group.
(c) The magical interaction of molecules in water.
(d) All of these statements are examples of "emergent properties
~ "Properties of cellular organelles are not present in the molecular constituents of the organelle but arise as a result of
interactions among the molecular components comprising the organelle. These interactions result in emergent prop
erties at a higher level of organisation".
The above statement best describes the
(a) emergent properties (b) Individual properties
(c) synergestic properties (d) None
•43~
Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given below:
Column I Column II
a. Herbarium (i) It is a place having a collection of preserve.d plants and animals
b. Key • (ii) A list that enumerates methodically all the species found in an area with brief description
aiding identification ·
c. Museum (iii) Is a place where dried and pressed plant specimens mounted on sheets are kept
d. Catalogue (iv) A booklet containing a list of characters and their alternates which are helpful in
identification of various taxa.
a b c d
(a) (ii) : (iv) (iii) (i)
(b) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(c) (i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
(d) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
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A taxonomic key used to identify organisms is labeled: -
(a) phYfoQeneUckey !. (b) evergreen key (c) dichotomous key ( d) none of the above
~5~ Which one of the following h~s least similar characters?
(a) Family (b). Class (c) Genus (d) Species
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46. On which of the following, five kingdom classification is based -
(a) Cell wall (b) Genetic material (c) Types of organelles (d) Mode of nutrition
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Number of criteria used in classifying organisms in five-kingdom classification is -
(a)5 (b)4 (c)3 (d)2
Which of the following is less general in characters as compared to genus -
(a) Species (b) Family (c) Class (d) Division
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(a)APIS INDICA (b) Trypansoma gambiense
(c) Ficus Bengalensis (d) Mangifera indica
Descending arrangement of categories is calle·d -
(a) Classification (b) Taxonomy (c) Hierarchy (d) Key
Nicotiana is - ·
(a) Variety (b) Subspecies (c) Species (d) Genus
Which one is odd/not a category?
(a) Species (b) Class (c) Phylum (d) Glumaceae I Malvaceae
53. In hierarchical classification, class is interpolated between -
..:;::--·---
(a) Family and genus (b) Phylum and order (c) Order and family (d) Kingdom and phylum
The disadvantage of using common names for species is that:
(a) the n.ames may change
(b) one name does not apply universally
(c) one species may have several common names and one common name may be applied to two species
( d) all of the above
Place of keeping and studying dry plants is -
(a) Arboretum (b) Museum (c) Vasculum ( d) Herbarium
56. Hierarchy of categories of Carolus ~innaeus had categories except -
- j
(a) Genus and species (b) Order and class (c) Kingdom and class (d) Phylum and family
S: . An important function of botanical garden is -
(a) Providing beautiful area for recreation
(b) One can observe tropical plants over there
(c) They allow ex-situ conservation of germ plasm
(d) They provide natural habitat to wildlife
5 . Two plants belong to same species if they -
(a) Have more than 90% similar genes
(b) Look similar and possess identical secondary metabolites
(c) Have similar number of chromosomes
/ ( d) Can reproduce freely with each other and form seeds
9. The given table gives the classification of a wheat plant.
Kingdom Plantae
Division Angiospermae
Monocotyledonae
ii Poales
Family iii
(a) i-Genus; ii-Class; iii-Poaceae (b) i-Class; ii-Order; iii-Poaceae
(c) i-Genus; ii-Class; iii-Solanaceae (d) i-Class; ii-Order; iii-Solanaceae
( In Oryza sativa, sativa stands for-
(a) Name of species (b) Specific nomenclature
/ (c) Specific epithet (d) Species
6:1. An organism is in the same class but not in the same family. It may belong to same
(a) Genus (b) Species (c) Variety (d) Order
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Living World
62. Largest herbarium in India is at-
(a) National Botanical Garden, Lucknow (b) Lloyd Botanical garden, Darjeeling
-ei (c) Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (d) Indian Botanical Garden, Sibpur
The famous botanical garden of Kew is located in -
(a) India (b) England (c) Germany (d) France
Related genera belong to same -
/I (a) Variety (b) Family (c) Species
(d) None of these
5. Which is not applicable to biological species concept?
(a) Hybridisation (b) Reproductive isolation
(c) Natural selection (d) Gene pool
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Which taxonomic aid gives comprehensive account of complete compiled information of a genus or family at a
particular time?
/' (a) Taxonomic key (b) Herbarium (c) Monograph (d) Flora
'97.
ICBN is-
(a) International Code of Biological Naming
(b) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(c) Internal Class of Biological Nomenclature
(d) International Classification of Biological Nomenclature
~8. Who did write "Species Plantarum" and provide a basis for classification of plants?
(a) Carolus Linnaeus (b) Charles Darwin (c) Robert Hooke (d) Leeuwenhoek
69. Identify the true statements from below -
I. Father of taxonomy is John Ray II. Homo sapiens is the scientific name of man
Ill. A taxon is a group of related plants or animals. IV Basic unit or lowest taxnomic category is species.
V. The first step in taxonomy is naming. VI. Modern classification is based on phylogeny
VII. First time binomial nomenclature was written in latin
VIII. The number of species that are known and described, range between 1.7 - 1.8 million
(a) I, II, Ill and IV (b) II, IV, VI, VII and VIII
(c) I, Ill, Vand VII (d) II, Ill, V and VI
"l . Classification systems have many uses. Which of the following is not a goal of biological classification?
(a) To depict convergent evolution '
(b) To clarify relationships among organisms
(c) To help us remember organi$ms and their traits~ ~
(d) To clearly identify organisms being stud-ie-d ~
.
/ Taxonomic systems used by biologists are hierarchical; that is,
llllllC' - --
(a) taxonomic groups reflect shared characters, not evolutionary relationship&.
.
.
(b) each !}ig.heLtaxonq_m_~ group c~ntains ajl the g-ro~up s below it,; .
(c) taxonomic groups reflect common habitats.
(d) a hierarchy of traits is used to establish classifications.
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Classification systems serve four important roles. Which of the following is not one of those roles?
(a) To help us remember characteristics of a lar!}e number of different things
(b) To help 1,1s identify shared traits, such as hair, mammary glands and constant high body temperature in mammals
(c) To reveal the harmony of nature
(d) To provide stable, unique, unequivocal names for organisms and to help reconstruct evolutionary pathways
73. In referring to an organism in writing, such as in a newspaper, textbook, or lab report, which of these rules should be
followed?"
1. Underline or italicize genus
2. Underline or italicize species
3. First letter of species should be uppercase
4. First letter of genus should be uppercase
(a)1,2,4 (b) 1,2,3
(c) 2, 3, 4 (d) 1, 3, 4
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Which of the following statements about classification is not true?
I. Members of a family are less similar than members of an included genus
II. An order has more members than the number of members in an included genus
Ill. Families have more members than phyla
IV. Members of a family share a common ancestor in the more distant past than members of an included genus
V. The number of species in a taxon depends on their relative degree of similarity.
·(a) Only Ill (b) Only IV (c) Only V (d) None
-s.
Select the true statement for reproduction.
I. It is not an all-exclusive defining characteristic of living organisms
11. It is not an all-inclusive defining characteristic of living organisms
Ill. It is an all-inclusive defining characteristic of plants and fungi only
IV. Photoperiod affects reproduction in seasonal plant breeders only.
V. Photoperiod affects reproduction in seasonal breeders both plants and animals
VI. Photoperiod has no role in reproduction
(a) II and V (b) Ill and IV (c) IV and VI (d)All
Reproduction is synonymous with growth I cell division in -
I. Bacteria II. Hydra Ill. Planaria IV. Unicellular algae V. Amoeba
(a) I, Ill and V (b) I, II and IV (c) I, IV and V (d)All
-7. Choose the correct statement-
(a ) Growth in multicellular organisms cannot take place in in vitro culture.
(b) Growth by cell division in unicellular organisms can be observed in in vivo culture.
(c) Growth by cell division in unicellular organisms can be observed in in vitro culture.
(d) Growth by cell division in unicellular organisms cannot be observed by any method.
Which one of the following constitutes the two best reasons for distinguishing the living from the non living?
(a) Growth and locomotion (b) Irritability and locomotion
(c) Respiration and excretion (d) Reproduction and locomotion
Which of the following biological processes do not operate within the life span of a given organism ?
(a) Birth and nutrition (b) Growth and maturation
(c) Metabolism and excretion (d) Decomposition and mineralization
The life can be attempted to be defined as a peculiar series of functions associated with
(a) Transformation and utilization of energy
(b) Transmission and utilization of genetic information
(c) Metabolism and response to the environmental variations
(d) All of the above.
8V
The process called evolution, exhibited by the living organisms is the manifestation of
(a) Only short term changes in the environment
(b) Reasonably long term changes in the environment
(c) A fully stable conditions of the environment
(~)The own desire of the organism to change the environment.
82. The living organisms of all hierarchial levels share in common, which one of the following features?
(a) Nature of protoplasmic constituent (b) Method of cell division
(c) Degree of body organization (d) Mode of nutrition.
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Mark the incorrect statement concerning life
(a) It is a self-regulated thermodynamic system.
(b) It is capable of catalyzing the metabolic reactions
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(c) It is capable of self p~ from generation to generation without DNA duplication
(d) It is simply impossible without energy.
~ Which one of the following aspects is an exclusiv~ character;istic of living things?.
(a) Isolated metabolic reactions occur in vitro
(b) Increase in mass from inside only,
(c) Perception of events happening in the environmen~f!d !!l.eir ~emory {
(d) Increase in mass by accumulatio.n of material _both on surface as well as internally
Which of the following is self-conscious?
(a) Human being (b) Tiger (c) Lion (d) Amoeba
~ . Living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the n0nliving thing on the basis of their ability for
(a) Reproduction
·, '.:. ·. (b) Growth and movement
(c) Interaction with environment and progressive evolution
(d) responsiveness to touch
/
...],7. All living organism present, past and future are
(a) Not linked to any extent
(b) Linked to one another in their cell membrane
(c) Linked to one another by the sharing of the common genetic materials, but to varying degrees. ,'
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(d) Linked to another by the sharing of the common genetic materials to 100% extent
Choose the correct one ·'
I. Growth cannot be taken as a defining property of living organism.
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II. Dead organism does not grow._
Ill. Reproduction cannot be an all inclusive defining characteristic of living organisms.
IV. No nonliving object is capable of replicating itself.
V. Metabolism in a test tube is nonliving.
VI. Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organism.
(a) I and Ill (b) All except V (c)All except Ill (d)All
s?.
Properties of tissues
(a) Are present in the constituent cells
(b) Are due to similar cells in them
(c) Are due to their similar origin
(d) Arise as a result of interactions among the constituent cells
Which of the following statement is false?
(a) Properties of cellular organelles are present in the molecular constituents of the organelles
(b) Interactions among the molecular components of the organelles result into properties of cell organelles
(c) Biology is the story of life on earth
(d) Biology is the story of evolution of living organisms on earth
.( The growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events in
(a) Plants only (b) Animals only (c) Higher animal and plants (d) Lower organisms
'92( The sum total of chemical reactions occurring in our body is called
_,.,.(a) Metabolism (b) Homeostasis (c) Irritability (d) Catabolism
,.93. Mark the correct statement
(a) Only living organisms grow (b) Plants grow only up to a certain age
(c) The growth in living organisms is from inside (d) All of these
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94. Which of the following multiply by the process of fragmentation?
(a) Planaria (b) Filamentous algae (c) Fungi (d ) All of these
95. Given below is the botanical name of mango. Mark the option in which the name is correctly written
(a) Magnifera lndica (b) Mangifera indica (c) Mangifera lndica (d) Mangifera indica
96. Identify the correct sequence of taxonomic categories
(a) Species-order-kingdom-phylum (b) Species-family-genus-class
(c) Genus-species-order-phylum (d) Species-genus-order-phylum
ff/.,,,. Which of the following options represents the correct classification for the given animal?
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
(a) Chordata Vertebrata Chiroptera Felidae Canis tigris
(b) Chordata Mammalia Camivora Felidae Panthera tigris
(c) Vertebrata Mammalia Camivora Felidae Panthera tigris
(d) Mammalia Felidae Camivora Feliaceae Panthera Leo
9. The 'Birds' taxonomically represent
(a) Family (b) Order (c) Class (d) Phylum
The Indian Botanical garden is located in
(a) Howrah (b) Lucknow (c) Mumbai (d) Mysore
00. Following taxonomic aid provides information for the identification of names of species found in an area
(a) Monograph (b) Manual (c) Memoir (d) Periodical
~ Why did Linneous choose Latin language for Binomial Nomenclature?
(a) Because this language was scientific (b) Because this language was modern
(c) Because this language wa dead (d) Because this language was ancient
02':" The binomial nomenclature was given by
(a) Lamarck (b) Ernst Mayr (c) Carolus Linnaeus (d) Cuvier
O . Which one of the following organisms is scientifically correctly named, correctly printed according to the International
Rules of Nomenclature and correctly described?
(a) Musca domestica -The common house lizard, a reptile
(b) Plasmodium falciparum -A protozoan pathogen causing the most serious type of malaria
(c) Fe/is tigris -The Indian tiger, well protected in Gir forests.
(d) E.coli -Full name Entamoeba coli, a commonly occurring bacterium in human intestine
Exclusive character of human being, which separate human from other organism is-
(a) Consciousness (b) Self regulat4on (c) Self Consciousness (d) Both (b) and (c)
..OS. Who has been called as "The Darwin of 20th century and Alexander Agassiz professor of Zoology Emeritus". He was
award~d the triple crown of biology also
(a) Linnaens (b) Mayr (c) Mayers (d)Aristotle ...
:1 . Which one has real existence?
(a) Phylum (b) Class (c) Genus (d) Species
107. Sensitivity is the
(a) Ability to grow (b)Ability to reproduce
.. .
(c) Ability to detect changes in the environment (d) Ability to capture sunlight
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