Object and Image. An introduction to photography PDF
Preview Object and Image. An introduction to photography
Object and Image An Introduction to Photography George M. Craven What is the difference between taking a picture and making an artistic photograph? How do pictures communicate? Whattechnicalknowledgeisrequired? Can anyone use a camera for artistic expression? In OBJECT AND IMAGE George M. Craven answers these provocative questions. This visual and technical introduction to black-and-white pho- tography is a step-by-step guide that combines mechanics with artistry. Over 200 illustrations explain how photographs diflFer from other kinds of pictures, why they look the way they do, and how we react to them. "How-to-do-it" chapters explain what happens in each step of film process- ing and printing and why each step is necessary. The techniques are al- ways related to visual ends and are illustrated at the point of discussion with photographs made by recognized artists. Technical drawings clarify essential concepts, such as film structure, en- larger optical systems, and hyperfocal focusing. Every essential detail of modem photography is explained, in- cluding How to Photograph with (continuedonbackflap) -jitH-:/.la^I'' J I _J G 7 f /) and Image Object and Image Object An Introduction to Photography GEORGE M. CRAVEN De Anza College Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data M Craven, George Object and image. Bibliography: p. 1. Photography. I. Title. TR145.C89 770 74-9739 ISBN 0-13-628925-8 To Rachel, Clarence, and Peter Technical drawings by Margaret Jackson © 1975 by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englevvood Cliffs, New Jersey All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. All photographs (except those from the Library of Congress) have been used by permission of the credited photographers, museums, or collectors, who retain all reproduction rights. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Prentice-Hall International, Inc., London Prentice-Hall of Australia, Pty. Ltd., Sydney Prentice-Hall of Canada, Ltd., Toronto Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo Contents Preface vii Chapter 1 Object and linage: What Photography Is 2 Chapter 2 Our Photographic Heritage 16 Chapter 3 Cameras and Exposure 48 Chapter 4 Light: The Designing Element 66 Chapter 5 Film and Its Processing 82 Chapter 6 Printing and Enlarging 98 Chapter 7 The Direct Approach 122 Chapter 8 The Reportorial Approach 142 Chapter 9 The Symbolistic Approach 172 Chapter 10 Variations on a Theme: The Divergence from Realism 184 Chapter 11 Lenses and Filters: Choosing and Using Them 212 vi Contents Chapter 12 Photography with AHificial Light: Flood and Flash 224 Chapter 13 Careers and Educational Opportunities 240 Chapter 14 Image as Object: Responding to Photographs 252 Appendix A How to Test a Camera for Proper Operation 265 Appendix B Polaroid Materials 267 Appendix C Stabilization Papers and Their Processing 269 Bibliography 271 Index 275
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