Obesity and diabetes mellitus PDF
Preview Obesity and diabetes mellitus
Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus OBESITY AND DIABETES MELLlTUS E, /, SOKOLOV O CRC Press c~ Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC P ress is an imprint of the Taylor '" F rancis Gr oup, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound P arkway N W, Suite 3 00 Boca Raton, F L 33487-2742 © 1 997 by Taylor & Francis G roup, LLC CRC Press is an i mprint o f T aylor & Francis G roup, a n I nforma b usiness No claim to original V .S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason able efforts have been made to publish reliable data a nd i nformation, b ut t he a uthor and p ublisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity o f all materials or the consequences o f their use. 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C CC is a not-for-profit o rganiza tion t hat p rovides licenses a nd r egistration f or a v ariety o f users. For o rganizations t hat h ave been granted a p hotocopy l icense b y t he C CC, a s eparate s ystem o f payment has been arranged. Trademark N otice: Product o r c orporate n ames m ay be t rademarks o r r egistered t rademarks, a nd are used only f or identification a nd e xplanation w ithout i ntent t o i nfringe. Visit t he T aylor & Francis W eb s ite a t http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and t he C RC Press W eb s ite a t http://www.crcpress.com Contents 3 CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREViATIONS ............................................................................................ 5 INTRODUCTION ................ __. .......................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1. FEATURES OF LIPID METABOLISM IN DIABETES MELLlTUS AND ISCHEMIC HEART DiSEASE ...................................................................................... 10 1.1. Metabolic Reaction of Lipoproteins and Hormones in a H ealthy Person's 0rpnisIn. ............................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Syndrome X ( Hyperinsulinemia, Insulin Resistance) . ........................................... 30 1.2.1. Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Syndrome X Development ............................. 31 1.2.2. Syndrome X and Its Clinical Manifestations ................................................. 38 1.2.3. Obesity and the Syndrome X ........................................................................ 45 1.2.4. Syndrome X and Heart Pathology ................................................................. 58 1.3. Pathophysiological Relation between Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Ischemic Heart Disease .......................................................................................... 71 1.4. Disorders of Lipid Metabolism in Ischemic Heart Disease Patients ...................... 93 1.5. Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus Patients ................................. 1 14 1.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 1 36 CHAPTER 2. DISORDERS IN THE HEMOST ASIS SYSTEM AND CHANGES IN THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF T HE BLOOD IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND DIABETES MELLlTUS PATIENTS ............................................... 1 41 2.1. Hemostasis System and Rheological Properties of the Blood in Healthy Persons ................................................................................................................. 1 41 2.1.1. Vessel Wall as a R egulator of the Functional State of the Hemostasis System ......................................................................................................... 1 41 2.1.2. Rheological Properties of the Blood in Healthy Persons ............................ 1S S 2.2. Hemostasis System and Rheological Properties of the Blood in Ischemic Heart Disease Patients ......................................................................................... 162 2.2.1. Rheological Properties of the Blood in Ischemic Heart Disease ................. 163 2.2.2. H emostasis System in Ischemic Heart Disease ........................................... 1 70 2.3. Hemostasis System and Rheological Properties of the Blood in Diabetes Mellitus Patients .................................................................................................. 1 92 2.3. I. Injury of a V essel Wall in Diabetes Mellitus .............................................. 192 2.3.2. Rheological Properties of the Blood in Diabetes Mellitus . ......................... 1 97 2.3.3. Thrombocyte-Vessel Unit of Hemostasis in Diabetes Mellitus ................... 206 4 2.4. Correction of Blood Coagulating System in Ischemic Heart Disease and Diabetes Mellitus Patients ................................................................................... 222 2.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 240 CHAPTER 3. DIABETES MELLITUS AND ISCHEMIC HEART DlSEASE ................................ 242 3.1. Pathophysiological Fundamentals of Development of Cardiac Insufficiency in Diabetes Mellitus Patients •..•.........••.....•..•........•...............................••............. 243 3.2. Energy Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus ............................................................. 248 3.3. Lesion of Myocardium in Diabetes Mellitus ....................................................... 270 3.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 286 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 290 BIBLIOGRAPHY . ......................................................................................................... 295 INDEX ............................................................................................................................. 326 List of Abbreviations 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACTH Adrenocorticotropic honnone ADP Adenosine diphosphate AI Atherogenic index AP Arterial pressure Apo-A(B, C) Apolipoprotein A ( B, C) AT Antithrombin ATP Adenosine triphosphate BWI Body weight index BPM Beats per minute CA Catecholamines cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate Cl Clearance CL Cardiolipin CM Chylomicrons CNS Central nervous system CRLV Contraction rate of left ventricle CS Cholesterol CSE Cholesterol esters DlC Disseminated intravascular coagulation (syndrome) DLP Dyslipoproteinemia DM Diabetes mellitus DNA Desoxyribonucleic acid DOPA Dihydroxyphenylalanine DPR Duration of plasma recalcification DT Diet-dependent thennogenesis EDD End diastolic distance EDV End diastolic volume EEl Energy expenditure index EF Ejection factor ESD End systolic distance ESV End systolic volume F Fibrinogen FAB Fibrinolytic activity of b lood 6 FC Free cholesterol FFA Free fatty acids FPOL Free-radical peroxide oxidation of l ipids GC G1ucocorticoids GHDLP Glycosylized high density Iipoproteins HDLP High density Iipoproteins HL Hyperlipacidemia HMG 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl HSL Hormonosensitive lipase Ht Hematocrit HTG Hypertriglyceridemia IDLP Intermediate density Iipoproteins IHO Ischemic heart disease IIOM Insulin-independent diabetes mellitus IRl Immunoreactive insulin LA Lactic acid LAT Lecithin acyl transferase LCAT Lecithin cholesterol-acyl transferase LDLP Low density Iipoproteins LP Lipoprotein LPC Lysophosphatidylcholine LPL Lipoprotcinlipase MOC Maximum oxygen concentration NA Noradrenaline NADP, NADPH2 Oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (coenzyme 11) NEFA Nonesteritied fatty acids NMOC Normal maximum oxygen consumption PC Phosphatidylcholine pct Pulse coefficient PEA Phosphatidylethanolamine PG Prostaglandin PL Phospholipids PPh Plasmapheresis PRA Pyruvic acid PrC Prostacyc1in List of A bbreviations 7 PS Phosphatidylserine PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids RNA Ribonucleic acid RRLV Relaxation rate of l eft ventricle SFMC Soluble fibrin·monomer complexes SM Sphingomyelin SNS Sympathetic nervous system STH Somatotropic hormone TAF Thrombocyte activation factor TF Thrombocyte factor TG Triglycerides TP Total phospholipides TPH Tolerance of p lasma to heparin TPR Total peripheral resistance TSH Thyroid-stimulating hormone TX Thromboxan Vcr Rate of circular shortening ofthe m yocardium fiber VLDLP Very low density lipoproteins
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