Obesity and Cancer PDF
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Recent Results in Cancer Research Series Editors: P.M. Schlag · H.-J. Senn Tobias Pischon Katharina Nimptsch E ditors Obesity and Cancer Recent Results in Cancer Research Volume 208 Series editors P.M. Schlag, Berlin, Germany H.-J. Senn, St. Gallen, Switzerland Associate Editors P. Kleihues, Zürich, Switzerland F. Stiefel, Lausanne, Switzerland B. Groner, Frankfurt, Germany A. Wallgren, Göteborg, Sweden Founding Editor P. Rentchnik, Geneva, Switzerland More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/392 Tobias Pischon Katharina Nimptsch (cid:129) Editors Obesity and Cancer 123 Editors TobiasPischon Katharina Nimptsch Molecular Epidemiology Research Group Molecular Epidemiology Research Group MaxDelbrückCenterfor Molecular MaxDelbrückCenterfor Molecular Medicine inthe Helmholtz Association Medicine inthe Helmholtz Association (MDC) (MDC) Berlin Berlin Germany Germany ISSN 0080-0015 ISSN 2197-6767 (electronic) Recent Resultsin Cancer Research ISBN978-3-319-42540-5 ISBN978-3-319-42542-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42542-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016955065 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface The notion that obesity isassociated with a higher risk of certain cancers has been known among cancer epidemiologists and nutritional epidemiologists for quite some time but only within the past decade became more widely distributed in the scientific community and lately in clinical practice. While organizations like the WorldCancerResearch Fund(WCRF) have putstudyingtheimpact of obesityon canceroccurrenceandoutcomeastopresearchpriorityforseveralyearsnow,itwas only in 2013/2014 that the American Society of Clinical Oncology identified obesity as a strategic issue for the society, laid out key priorities, and published a position paper. The number of studies on obesity and cancer—and in parallel the number of cancers for which we now have sufficient evidence for a causal rela- tionship to obesity—increased substantially during the past decade, and it seems that this increase is ongoing with accelerated pace. These developments make it more and more challenging to keep up-to-date with the current status that is achieved in this field. Having a book that comprehensively summarizes that status is therefore appealing. We were therefore more than happy when the Managing Editors and Springer Verlag invited us to become volume editors of a book on Obesity and Cancer. Theaimofthisbookistoprovideacomprehensiveandup‐to‐datereviewonthe relationbetweenobesityandcancer.Itincludesanintroductoryoverview,followed by in‐depth reviews on those cancers for which we have sufficient evidence of a causal relationship to obesity. The chapters address effects of obesity and body fat distribution on cancer incidence and cancer survival, effects of weight gain and weight loss, and of childhood and adolescent obesity. Potential biologic pathways are discussed from both an epidemiological and an experimental perspective. The book closes with a population perspective on the cancer burden due to obesity. For each chapter, we have invited the leading experts in their field, and we are deeplygratefultotheauthorsfortheircontributiontothisbook.Wewouldalsolike to thank the Managing Editors, Prof. P.M. Schlag and Prof. H.-J. Senn, as well as theemployersofSpringerVerlag,MsM.Stoeck,MsD.Ignasy,andMsB.Dhayalan, fortheirsupportinpublishingthisbook.Webelievethisbookisofparticularvalue v vi Preface to researchers and epidemiologists and is also of interest to public health workers and clinicians. We would welcome feedback from the readers on their perception of the book. Berlin, Germany Tobias Pischon September 2016 Katharina Nimptsch Contents Obesity and Risk of Cancer: An Introductory Overview.... ..... .... 1 Tobias Pischon and Katharina Nimptsch Obesity and Colorectal Cancer .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 17 Carmen Jochem and Michael Leitzmann Obesity and Breast Cancer... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 43 Renée T. Fortner, Verena Katzke, Tilman Kühn and Rudolf Kaaks Obesity and Oesophageal Cancer .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 67 Katharina Nimptsch, Annika Steffen and Tobias Pischon Obesity and Kidney Cancer.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 81 Kathryn M. Wilson and Eunyoung Cho Obesity and Pancreatic Cancer .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 95 Dominique S. Michaud Obesity and Endometrial Cancer... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 107 Eileen Shaw, Megan Farris, Jessica McNeil and Christine Friedenreich Obesity and Prostate Cancer . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 137 Yin Cao and Edward Giovannucci Obesity and Ovarian Cancer . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 155 Shelley S. Tworoger and Tianyi Huang Obesity and Liver Cancer ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 177 Krasimira Aleksandrova, Marta Stelmach-Mardas and Sabrina Schlesinger Obesity Biomarkers, Metabolism and Risk of Cancer: An Epidemiological Perspective.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 199 Katharina Nimptsch and Tobias Pischon vii viii Contents Biological Mechanisms for the Effect of Obesity on Cancer Risk: Experimental Evidence.. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 219 Mauricio Berriel Diaz, Stephan Herzig and Tobias Schafmeier Obesity as an Avoidable Cause of Cancer (Attributable Risks).... .... 243 Andrew G. Renehan and Isabelle Soerjomataram Obesity and Risk of Cancer: An Introductory Overview Tobias Pischon and Katharina Nimptsch Abstract The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially in the past in almost all countriesoftheworld, andafurtherincreaseisexpectedfor thefuture.Besides the well-established effects on type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, there isconvincingevidencetodaythatobesityalsoincreasestheriskofseveraltypes of cancer, including colorectal cancer, postmenopausal breast cancer, endome- trialcancer,renalcellcarcinoma,esophagealadenocarcinoma,pancreaticcancer, and liver cancer. Obesity probably also increases the risk of ovarian cancer, advanced prostate cancer, gallbladder cancer, and gastric cardia cancer. For some cancer types, there is also some evidence that weight gain during adulthood increases cancer risk, e.g., colorectal cancer, postmenopausal breast cancer,endometrialcancer,andlivercancer.However,formostcancers,itisan openquestionastowhethervulnerabilitytoweightgaininrelationtocancerrisk depends on specific life periods. There are a number of plausible mechanisms that may explain the relationship between obesity and cancer risk, including pathways related to insulin resistance, inflammation, and sex hormones. For most cancers, there is only limited evidence that weight loss in adulthood decreasescancerrisk,whichisprimarilyduetothelimitedlong-termsuccessof weight loss strategies among obese individuals. There is limited evidence suggesting that obesity may also be associated with poor prognosis among patients with colorectal cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Taken together, these findings support efforts to prevent weight gain on an individual level as well as on a population level. Whether and to what extent overweight or obese cancer patients benefit from weight loss strategies is unclear and needs to be addressed in future studies. T.Pischon(&)(cid:1)K.Nimptsch MolecularEpidemiologyResearchGroup,MaxDelbrückCenterforMolecularMedicineinthe HelmholtzAssociation(MDC),Robert-Rössle-Straße10,13125Berlin,Germany e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 1 T.PischonandK.Nimptsch(eds.),ObesityandCancer,RecentResults inCancerResearch208,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-42542-9_1
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