Nutritional Toxicology Volume 3

177 Pages·1989·2.739 MB·English

by  John N. Hathcock

NUTRITIONAL TOXICOLOGY
VOLUME III
NUTRITION: BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCE
A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS
WILLIAM J. DARBY, Editor
Professor of Biochemistry (Nutrition)
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Nashville, Tennessee
Anthony W. Norman. Vitamin D: The Calcium Homeostatic Steroid
Hormone, 1979.
Donald S. McLaren (Editor). Nutritional Ophthalmology, 1980.
John N. Hathcock (Editor). Nutritional Toxicology, Volume I, 1982.
Volume II, 1987. Volume III, 1989.
J. Christopher Bauernfeind (Editor). Vitamin A Deficiency and Its Control,
1986.
Nutritional
Toxicology
VOLUME III
Edited by
JOHN N. HATHCOCK
Experimental Nutrition Branch
Food and Drug Administration
Washington, D.C
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
San Diego New York Berkeley Boston
London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Copyright © 1989 by Academic Press, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or
any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher.
Academic Press, Inc.
San Diego, California 92101
United Kingdom Edition published by
Academic Press Limited
24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
(Revised for vol. 3)
Nutritional toxicology.
(Nutrition, basic and applied science)
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
1. Nutritionally induced diseases.
2. Nutrition. 3. Food additives-Toxicology.
I. Hathcock, John N. [DNLM: 1. Food
contamination. 2. Food additives—Adverse
effects. 3. Food poisoning. WA 701 N976]
RC622.N894 1982 616.3'99 82-4036
ISBN 0-12-332601-X (v. 1)
ISBN 0-12-332603-6 (v. 3)
Printed in the United States of America
89 90 91 92 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xi
Contents of Previous Volumes xiii
1 Food Packaging Materials: Health Implications
D. C Kirkpatrick, R. A. Ripley, and M. A. Pelletier
I. Introduction 1
II. Current Trends in Packaging 2
III. Potential Migrants from Plastics 3
IV. Assessment of Dietary Exposure 5
V. Migrants of Potential Concern 8
VI. Regulatory Control Measures in Various Countries 13
VII. International Initiatives 15
References 16
2 Neurotoxicology and Food Safety Assessment
Richard B. Mailman, Parthena Martin, Q. David Walker, and
Mark H. Lewis
I. Introduction 21
II. Special Nature of the Nervous System: Overview of the Sites and
Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity 23
III. Strategies for Evaluating Neurotoxicity of Foods 26
IV. Predicting Neurotoxicity: Illustrative Examples 31
ν
Contents
V. Conclusions 37
References 37
Nutritional and Safety Implications of Oxidized
Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids
K. C Chang
I. Introduction 41
II. Chemistry, Occurrence, and Formation during Food Processing 42
III. Bioavailability 44
IV. Safety Implications of Oxidized Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids 54
References 55
Antinutritive Effects of Phytate and Other
Phosphorylated Derivatives
M. R. Spivey Fox and S.-H. Tao
I. Chemical Aspects 59
II. Distribution in Foods 61
III. Biological Effects 62
IV. Implications for Human Nutrition 85
V. Summary and Conclusions 88
References 88
Interactions of Vitamin B (Pyridoxine) and
6
Xenobiotics
Michael A. Dubick
I. Introduction 97
II. Metabolism of Vitamin B6 98
III. Interaction of Vitamin B6 with Drugs 100
IV. Vitamin B6 and Environmental Toxicants 110
V. Vitamin B6 and Nutrients 113
VI. Concluding Remarks 114
References 115
Contents vii
6 Considerations in Designing and Using
Standardized Diets in Toxicological Experiments
Jeanne I. Rader
I. Introduction 123
II. General Considerations 125
III. Conclusions 136
References 136
7 Risk/Benefit Analysis for Vitamin Supplements
John N. Hathcock
I. Introduction 141
II. Standard Types of Risk and Benefit 142
III. Quantitative/Statistical Aspects 145
IV. Risk/Benefit Evaluation of Vitamin A Intakes 148
V. Conclusions 151
References 151
Index 155
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Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
K. C. Chang (41), Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Eco-
nomics, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University,
Fargo, North Dakota 58105
Michael A. Dubick1 (97), Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration
Medical Center, Martinez, California 94553, and University of California,
School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616
M. R. Spivey Fox2 (59), Division of Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration,
Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C. 20204
John N. Hathcock (141), Division of Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration,
Washington, D.C. 20204
D. C. Kirkpatrick (1), Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health
Protection Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
K1A 0L2
Mark H. Lewis (21), Biological Sciences Research Center, Departments of Psy-
chiatry and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurobiology Curricula, Univer-
sity of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
Richard B. Mailman (21), Biological Sciences Research Center, Departments of
Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurobiology Curricula, Uni-
versity of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27514
Current address: Division MTR, Letterman Army Institute of Research, San Francisco, Califor-
nia 94129-6800.
2Deceased.
ix