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Nutritional Toxicology PDF

472 Pages·2002·21.682 MB·\472
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Target Organ Toxicology Series Nutritional Toxicology Second Edition Target Organ Toxicology Series Nutritional Toxicology Second Edition Editors Frank N. Kotsonis Food Research Institute University of Wisconsin-Madison Wisconsin, USA Maureen A. Mackey Nutrition Scientific Affairs Monsanto Company St. Louis, Missouri USA informa healthcare New York London Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017 © 2010 by Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. (published 2002 by Taylor & Francis) Informa Healthcare is an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-4152-4865-5 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-4152-4865-5 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nutritional toxicology / editors, Frank N. Kotsonis, Maureen A. Mackey--2nd ed. p. ; cm. (Target organ toxicology series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-4152-4865-5 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-4152-4865-5 (alk. paper) 1. Food--Toxicology. 2. Drug-nutrient interactions. 3. Xenobiotics--Metabolism. [DNLM: 1. Food—adverse effects. 2. Food Technology. 3. Food Additives. 4. Food Hypersensitivity. 5. Food-Drug Interactions. 6. Nutrition. WA 695 N9767 2001] RA1258.N876 2001 615.9'54--dc21 2001053172 Visit the Informa Web site at www.informa.com and the Informa Healthcare Web site at www.informahealthcare.com CONTENTS Contributors vii 1 Antioxidant nutrients and protection from free radicals 1 M. ELLIN DOYLE AND MICHAEL W. PARIZA 2 Carotenoids and health risk 31 EMILY K. KRACZEK AND JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR. 3 The role of nutrients in detoxification mechanisms 54 K.J. NETTER 4 Foods derived from genetically modified crop plants 75 ROY L. FUCHS 5 Allergic reactions and food intolerances 93 STEVE L. TAYLOR AND SUSAN L. HEFLE 6 Ethanol toxicity and nutritional status 122 HELMUT K. SEITZ AND PAOLO M. SUTER 7 Interactions between foods, nutritional supplements and drugs 155 JOHN A. THOMAS AND RICHARD COTTER 8 Phytosterols in human health 173 DAVID KRITCHEVSKY 9 Threshold of regulation: A unifying concept in food safety assessment 190 W. GARY FLAMM, FRANK N. KOTSONIS AND JERRY J. HJELLE V CONTENTS 10 Biotechnology-derived and novel foods: Safety approaches and regulations 203 G.J.A. SPEIJERS, M. YOUNES AND J.E.N. BERGMANS 11 Safety, effectiveness and labeling of self-care products 228 R. WILLIAM SOLLER 12 Functional foods: Regulatory and scientific considerations 243 MAUREEN MACKEY AND FRANK N. KOTSONIS 13 Estimation of food chemical intake 263 DAVID TENNANT 14 Postmarketing surveillance in the food industry: The aspartame case study 287 HARRIETT H. BUTCHKO AND W. WAYNE STARGEL 15 Regulation of flavor ingredients 316 GEORGE A. BURDOCK 16 Food irradiation 340 PETER S. ELI AS 17 Mechanistic considerations in the regulation and classification of chemical carcinogens 387 R. MICHAEL MCCLAIN Index 422 vi CONTRIBUTORS Dr JEN Bergmans Madison WI 53706 Center of Substances and Risk Ph: (608) 263-6934 Assessment Fax: (608) 263-1114 National Institute of Public Health e-mail: [email protected] and the Environment 3720 BA Emily K Kraczek Bilthoven, The Netherlands University of Illinois Ph: 31-30-274-4195 580 Bevier Hall Fax: 31-30-274-4401 905 S Goodwin Ave Urbana, IL 61801 David Kritchevsky, PhD Ph: (217) 333-2527 Wistar Institute Fax: (217) 333-9368 3601 Spruce Street e-mail: [email protected] Philadelphia PA 19104 Ph: (215) 898-3713 Frank N Kotsonis, PhD Fax: (215) 898-3995 University of Wisconsin e-mail: kritchevsky @wistar.upenn.edu Food Research Institute Dept of Food Microbiology and Dr David Tennant Toxicology Food Chemical Risk Analysis 1925 Willow Drive 14 St Mary's Square Madison, WI 53706 Brighton BN2 1FZ UK Ph: 847-724-7228 Ph: (44) 0 1273 241 753 Fax: 847-724-0850 Fax: (44) 0 1273 276 358 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] W Gary Flamm, PhD M Ellin Doyle, PhD Flamm Associates University of Wisconsin 622 Beachland Blvd Food Research Institute Vero Beach, FL 32963 Dept Food Microbiology and Ph: (561) 234-0096 Toxicology Fax: (561) 234-0026 1925 Willow Drive e-mail: [email protected] vii CONTRIBUTORS George A Burdock, PhD Ph: (314) 694-1442 Burdock and Associates Fax: (314) 694-4928 622 Beachland Blvd e-mail: jerry .j .hjelle @ monsanto.com Vero Beach, FL 32963-1743 Ph: 561-234-9975 John W Erdman, PhD Fax: 561-234-0026 University of Illinois e-mail: [email protected] 580 Bevier Hall 905 S Goodwin Ave Dr Gerrit JA Speijers Urbana, IL 61801 Ph: (217) 333-2527 Center of Substances and Risk Fax: (217) 333-9368 Assessment e-mail: [email protected] National Institute of Public Health and the Environment John A Thomas, PhD 3720 BA Professor Emeritus Bilthoven The Netherlands Department of Pharmacology/ Ph: 31 30 274 2120 Toxicology Fax: 31 30 274 4401 The University of Texas Health Science e-mail: [email protected] Center at San Antonio Harriett H Butchko, MD San Antonio, TX 78216 The NutraSweet Company Ph: (210) 494-8491 699 Wheeling Road Fax: (210) 494-4881 Mt Prospect IL 60056 e-mail: [email protected] Ph: 847-463-1705 Fax: 847-463-1755 Maureen Mackey, PhD e-mail: harriett.h.butchko @nutrasweet. Monsanto Company com 800 N Lindbergh Blvd St Louis, MO 63167 Helmut K Seitz, MD Ph: (847) 821-0403 Laboratory of Alcohol Research Fax: (847) 821-0409 Liver Disease and Nutrition e-mail: maureen.a.mackey@monsanto. Department of Medicine com Salem Medical Center Zeppelinstrasse 11-33 R Michael McClain, PhD D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany McClain Associates Ph: 49-0-6221 483 200 10 Powder Horn Terrace Fax: 49-0-6221 483 494 Randolph, NJ 07869 e-mail: helmut_karl.seitz@urz. Ph: (973) 895-1363 uni-heidelberg.de Fax: (973) 895-1393 e-mail: [email protected] Jerry J Hjelle, PhD Monsanto Company Michael W Pariza, PhD 800 N Lindbergh Blvd University of Wisconsin St Louis, MO 63167 Food Research Institute viii CONTRIBUTORS Dept Food Microbiology and Roy L Fuchs, PhD Toxicology Monsanto Company 1925 Willow Drive 700 Chesterfield Parkway Madison, WI 53706 St Louis, MO 63198 Ph: (608) 263-6955 Ph: 636-737-6438 Fax: (608) 263-1114 Fax: 636-737-6189 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Prof Dr KJNetter Steve L Taylor, PhD Department of Pharmacology and Food Allergy Research and Resource Toxicology Program Philipps University, School of Medicine University of Nebraska D-35033 143 Food Industry Bldg Marburg, Germany Lincoln, NE 68583-0919 Ph: 49-6421-64611 Ph: 402-472-2833 Fax:49-6421-67250 Fax: 402-472-1693 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Paolo M Suter, MD Susan L Hefle PhD Department of Medicine Food Allergy Research and Resource University of Zurich Medical Policlinic, Hypertension Unit Program Raemistrasse 100 University of Nebraska 8091 Zurich, Switzerland 351 Food Industry Bldg Ph: 41-1-255 11 11 Lincoln, NE 68583-0919 Fax:41-1-311 67 07 Ph: (402) 472-4430 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: (402) 472-1693 e-mail: [email protected] Prof Dr med Peter S Elias W Wayne Stargel, PharmD Bertha Von Suttner Strasse 3A The NutraSweet Company D-76139 Karlsruhe-Waldstadt, 699 Wheeling Road Germany Mt Prospect IL 60056 Ph: 44-181-500-9584 (London) Ph: 847-463-1741 49-721-68 17 68 (Germany) Fax: 847-463-1755 Fax: 49-721-68 89 60 (Germany) e-mail: wilford.w.stargel@nutrasweet. e-mail: [email protected] com Richard Cotter, PhD R William Soller, PhD Assistant Vice President Sr VP & Director of Science & Nutritional Sciences, Whitehall Robins Technology 5 Giralda Farms Consumer Healthcare Products Assn Madison, NJ 07940 1150 Connecticut Avenue NW Ph: (973) 660-6257 Washington, DC 20036-4193 Fax: (973) 660-7390 Ph: 202-429-9260 ix

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