Nutritional Toxicology

472 Pages·2002·21.682 MB·\472

by  Frank N. Kotsonis (Editor), Maureen A. Mackey (Editor)

Target Organ Toxicology Series
Nutritional
Toxicology
Second Edition

Target Organ Toxicology Series
Nutritional
Toxicology
Second Edition
Editors
Frank N. Kotsonis
Food Research Institute
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Wisconsin, USA
Maureen A. Mackey
Nutrition Scientific Affairs
Monsanto Company
St. Louis, Missouri
USA
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-4152-4865-5 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-4152-4865-5 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nutritional toxicology / editors, Frank N. Kotsonis, Maureen A. Mackey--2nd ed.
p. ; cm. (Target organ toxicology series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-4152-4865-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-4152-4865-5 (alk. paper)
1. Food--Toxicology. 2. Drug-nutrient interactions. 3. Xenobiotics--Metabolism.
[DNLM: 1. Food—adverse effects. 2. Food Technology. 3. Food Additives. 4. Food
Hypersensitivity. 5. Food-Drug Interactions. 6. Nutrition. WA 695 N9767 2001]
RA1258.N876 2001
615.9'54--dc21 2001053172
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CONTENTS
Contributors vii
1 Antioxidant nutrients and protection from free radicals 1
M. ELLIN DOYLE AND MICHAEL W. PARIZA
2 Carotenoids and health risk 31
EMILY K. KRACZEK AND JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR.
3 The role of nutrients in detoxification mechanisms 54
K.J. NETTER
4 Foods derived from genetically modified crop plants 75
ROY L. FUCHS
5 Allergic reactions and food intolerances 93
STEVE L. TAYLOR AND SUSAN L. HEFLE
6 Ethanol toxicity and nutritional status 122
HELMUT K. SEITZ AND PAOLO M. SUTER
7 Interactions between foods, nutritional supplements
and drugs 155
JOHN A. THOMAS AND RICHARD COTTER
8 Phytosterols in human health 173
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY
9 Threshold of regulation: A unifying concept
in food safety assessment 190
W. GARY FLAMM, FRANK N. KOTSONIS AND JERRY J. HJELLE
V
CONTENTS
10 Biotechnology-derived and novel foods:
Safety approaches and regulations 203
G.J.A. SPEIJERS, M. YOUNES AND J.E.N. BERGMANS
11 Safety, effectiveness and labeling of self-care products 228
R. WILLIAM SOLLER
12 Functional foods: Regulatory and scientific considerations 243
MAUREEN MACKEY AND FRANK N. KOTSONIS
13 Estimation of food chemical intake 263
DAVID TENNANT
14 Postmarketing surveillance in the food industry:
The aspartame case study 287
HARRIETT H. BUTCHKO AND W. WAYNE STARGEL
15 Regulation of flavor ingredients 316
GEORGE A. BURDOCK
16 Food irradiation 340
PETER S. ELI AS
17 Mechanistic considerations in the regulation and
classification of chemical carcinogens 387
R. MICHAEL MCCLAIN
Index 422
vi
CONTRIBUTORS
Dr JEN Bergmans Madison WI 53706
Center of Substances and Risk Ph: [phone]
Assessment Fax: [phone]
National Institute of Public Health e-mail: [email protected]
and the Environment
3720 BA Emily K Kraczek
Bilthoven, The Netherlands University of Illinois
Ph: 31-30-274-4195 580 Bevier Hall
Fax: [phone]
905 S Goodwin Ave
Urbana, IL 61801
David Kritchevsky, PhD Ph: [phone]
Wistar Institute Fax: [phone]
3601 Spruce Street e-mail: [email protected]
Philadelphia PA 19104
Ph: [phone]
Frank N Kotsonis, PhD
Fax: [phone]
University of Wisconsin
e-mail: kritchevsky @wistar.upenn.edu
Food Research Institute
Dept of Food Microbiology and
Dr David Tennant Toxicology
Food Chemical Risk Analysis 1925 Willow Drive
14 St Mary's Square Madison, WI 53706
Brighton BN2 1FZ UK Ph: 847-724-7228
Ph: (44) 0 1273 241 753 Fax: [phone]
Fax: [phone] e-mail: [email protected]
e-mail: [email protected]
W Gary Flamm, PhD
M Ellin Doyle, PhD Flamm Associates
University of Wisconsin 622 Beachland Blvd
Food Research Institute Vero Beach, FL 32963
Dept Food Microbiology and Ph: [phone]
Toxicology Fax: [phone]
1925 Willow Drive e-mail: [email protected]
vii
CONTRIBUTORS
George A Burdock, PhD Ph: [phone]
Burdock and Associates Fax: [phone]
622 Beachland Blvd e-mail: jerry .j .hjelle @ monsanto.com
Vero Beach, FL 32963-1743
Ph: 561-234-9975 John W Erdman, PhD
Fax: [phone] University of Illinois
e-mail: [email protected] 580 Bevier Hall
905 S Goodwin Ave
Dr Gerrit JA Speijers Urbana, IL 61801
Ph: [phone]
Center of Substances and Risk
Fax: [phone]
Assessment e-mail: [email protected]
National Institute of Public Health
and the Environment John A Thomas, PhD
3720 BA Professor Emeritus
Bilthoven The Netherlands Department of Pharmacology/
Ph: 31 30 274 2120 Toxicology
Fax: [phone] The University of Texas Health Science
e-mail: [email protected] Center at San Antonio
Harriett H Butchko, MD San Antonio, TX 78216
The NutraSweet Company Ph: [phone]
699 Wheeling Road Fax: [phone]
Mt Prospect IL 60056 e-mail: [email protected]
Ph: 847-463-1705
Fax: [phone] Maureen Mackey, PhD
e-mail: harriett.h.butchko @nutrasweet. Monsanto Company
com 800 N Lindbergh Blvd
St Louis, MO 63167
Helmut K Seitz, MD Ph: [phone]
Laboratory of Alcohol Research Fax: [phone]
Liver Disease and Nutrition e-mail: maureen.a.mackey@monsanto.
Department of Medicine com
Salem Medical Center
Zeppelinstrasse 11-33 R Michael McClain, PhD
D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany McClain Associates
Ph: 49-0-6221 483 200 10 Powder Horn Terrace
Fax: [phone] Randolph, NJ 07869
e-mail: helmut_karl.seitz@urz. Ph: [phone]
uni-heidelberg.de Fax: [phone]
e-mail: [email protected]
Jerry J Hjelle, PhD
Monsanto Company Michael W Pariza, PhD
800 N Lindbergh Blvd University of Wisconsin
St Louis, MO 63167 Food Research Institute
viii
CONTRIBUTORS
Dept Food Microbiology and Roy L Fuchs, PhD
Toxicology Monsanto Company
1925 Willow Drive 700 Chesterfield Parkway
Madison, WI 53706 St Louis, MO 63198
Ph: [phone] Ph: 636-737-6438
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]
Prof Dr KJNetter Steve L Taylor, PhD
Department of Pharmacology and Food Allergy Research and Resource
Toxicology Program
Philipps University, School of Medicine University of Nebraska
D-35033 143 Food Industry Bldg
Marburg, Germany Lincoln, NE 68583-0919
Ph: 49-6421-64611 Ph: 402-472-2833
Fax:[phone] Fax: [phone]
e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]
Paolo M Suter, MD Susan L Hefle PhD
Department of Medicine
Food Allergy Research and Resource
University of Zurich Medical Policlinic,
Hypertension Unit Program
Raemistrasse 100 University of Nebraska
8091 Zurich, Switzerland 351 Food Industry Bldg
Ph: 41-1-255 11 11 Lincoln, NE 68583-0919
Fax:[phone] Ph: [phone]
e-mail: [email protected] Fax: [phone]
e-mail: [email protected]
Prof Dr med Peter S Elias W Wayne Stargel, PharmD
Bertha Von Suttner Strasse 3A The NutraSweet Company
D-76139 Karlsruhe-Waldstadt, 699 Wheeling Road
Germany Mt Prospect IL 60056
Ph: 44-181-500-9584 (London) Ph: 847-463-1741
49-721-68 17 68 (Germany) Fax: [phone]
Fax: [phone] (Germany) e-mail: wilford.w.stargel@nutrasweet.
e-mail: [email protected] com
Richard Cotter, PhD R William Soller, PhD
Assistant Vice President Sr VP & Director of Science &
Nutritional Sciences, Whitehall Robins Technology
5 Giralda Farms Consumer Healthcare Products Assn
Madison, NJ 07940 1150 Connecticut Avenue NW
Ph: [phone] Washington, DC 20036-4193
Fax: [phone] Ph: 202-429-9260
ix