Nutritional Management of Renal Disease

1041 Pages·2021·29.7 MB·English

by  Joel D. Kopple (editor), Shaul G Massry (editor), Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh (editor), Denis Fouque (editor)

NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF RENAL DISEASE
FOURTH EDITION
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NUTRITIONAL
MANAGEMENT OF
RENAL DISEASE
FOURTH EDITION
Edited by
J D. K
OEL OPPLE
TheLundquistInstituteatHarbor-UCLAMedicalCenter,DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicineat
UCLAandUCLAFieldingSchoolofPublicHealth,TorranceandLosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
S G. M
HAUL ASSRY
ProfessorofMedicine,PhysiologyandBiophysics,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
K K -Z
AMYAR ALANTAR ADEH
HaroldSimmonsCenterforKidneyDiseaseResearchandEpidemiology,DivisionofNephrology,HypertensionandKidneyTransplantation,
DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofCaliforniaIrvineSchoolofMedicine,Orange,CA,UnitedStates;
NephrologySection,DepartmentofMedicine,TiborRubinVeteransAffairsMedicalCenter,VeteransAffairsLongBeachHealthcareSystem,
LongBeach,CA,UnitedStates;
TheLundquistInstituteatHarbor-UCLAMedicalCenter,Torrance,CA,UnitedStates;
DepartmentofEpidemiology,UCLAFieldingSchoolofPublicHealth,LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
D F
ENIS OUQUE
CarMeNLaboratory,INSA-Lyon,INSERMU1060,INRA,UniversityClaudeBernardLyon1,Villeurbanne,France;
DepartmentofNephrology,NutritionandDialysis,HospitalLyon-Sud,HospicesCivilsdeLyonandUniversityClaudeBernardLyon1,Lyon,France
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Dedication
Joel D. Kopple
To my wife: Madelynn Kopple
To our children: David and Robin Kopple, Michael and Yael Kopple,
Deborah and Yury Nedelin, and Joshua and Calanit Kopple
To our Grandchildren: Ellis, Tabitha and Maxwell Kopple, Levi, Liora, Tamara and David Ariel
Kopple, Elisheva, Chavah, Isaac and Theodore Nedelin, and Yeshaya, Eliyahu, Chaya Sarah,
Batsheva, Yocheved, and Yehudis Kopple,
and to Jeffrey Alan Kopple
Shaul G. Massry
To my wife: Meira Massry
To our children: Efrat and Ram Cogan, Dr. Guy Massry, Yael and Geoffrey Rendon,
and Dr. Dina and Dr. Kenneth Grudko
To our grandchildren: Emma and Raef Cogan, Alexis Massry, Maya and Joseph Rendon,
and Ava and Sam Grudko
Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
To my wife: Dr. Grace-Hyunjoo Lee
To our children: Sara-Soojung, Diana-Sunhee, and Hannah-Soyeon
Denis Fouque
To my wife: Dr. Pascale Fouque
To our children: Camille and Rudy-Alexandre, Sarah and Alexandre, and Juliette and Alice
To our grandchildren: Jules and Romane
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Contents
List of contributors xvii Insulinsecretion 31
About the editors xxi Insulinclearance 32
Hypoglycemia 32
Preface xxiii
Carbohydratemetabolisminpatientswithrenal
replacementtherapy 33
I
Treatmentofdiabetesmellitusindiabeticswithchronic
kidneydisease 34
Normal and altered metabolism of
Drugmanagementindiabeticswithchronickidneydisease 35
chronic kidney disease References 37
4. Altered lipid metabolism and serum lipids in
1. The KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for
chronic kidney disease 43
Nutrition in CKD: 2020 update 3
NOSRATOLAD.VAZIRI,HAMIDMORADIANDYING-YONGZHAO
T.ALPIKIZLERANDLILIANCUPPARI
Introduction 43
Introduction 3
References 55
Theguidelinedevelopmentprocess 3
Keypointsaddressedinthe2020updatedguideline 5
Conclusion 7
5. Energy metabolism and requirements in
References 7
chronic kidney disease 61
MACKENZIEK.CERVANTESANDRACHELLEBROSS
2. The influence of kidney disease on protein and
amino acid metabolism 9 Introduction 61
Energybalance 61
BIRUHT.WORKENEHANDWILLIAME.MITCH
Overviewandrecommendedenergyintakeinchronic
kidneydiseasepatients 70
Introduction 9
Abbreviations 71
InfluenceofproteinintakeonCKD 10
References 71
Dietaryrestrictionofprotein 10
Metabolicacidosis 11
Roleofproteinmetabolisminhypertension 14
6. Uremic toxins: an integrated overview of
Uremictoxinsderivedfromproteinmetabolism 14
DysregulationofproteolyticpathwaysinCKD 16 classification and pathobiology 77
Albuminandothermarkersofmalnutrition 19
RICHARDJ.GLASSOCKANDSHAULG.MASSRY
Proteinsupplementationindialysis 21
Proteinmetabolismpost-kidneytransplantation 22 Introduction 77
Conclusion 22 Definitionofauremictoxin 77
References 23 Classificationofuremictoxinsbyphysicochemical
characteristics 79
Thepathobiologiccategorizationofuremictoxinsaccording
3. Carbohydrate metabolism in chronic renal
totheprocessesunderlyingaccumulationinbodyfluids 83
disease 29 Thelinkageofuremictoxinstothepathobiologyofuremia 83
Clinicalmanifestationsofuremiaandtheroleoftropisms 84
MARCINADAMCZAK,EBERHARDRITZANDANDRZEJWIECEK
Theeffectsofdietanddialysisonuremictoxins 84
Introduction 29 Summaryandconclusion 85
Insulinresistance 29 References 86
vii
viii
Contents
7. Inflammation in chronic kidney disease 91 Treatingmetabolicacidosis 139
References 141
JUANJESU´SCARRERO,BRANDONKISTLERANDPETERSTENVINKEL
Generalconsiderations 91
11. The gut microbiome and the kidney 147
Multifactorialcausesofinflammationinchronic
kidneydisease 91 RENUREGUNATHAN-SHENK,NEALB.SHAHANDDOMINICS.RAJ
Inflammationasacauseofprotein-energywasting 93
Casevignette 147
Monitoringinflammation 97
Introductiontothegutmicrobiome 147
Treatmentofinflammationinchronickidneydisease 98
TheGutMicrobiome,Dysbiosis,andCKD 148
References 99
TargetedinterventionstotreatdysbiosisinCKD/ESRD 154
Conclusionandfuturedirections 156
8. Catalytic (labile) iron in kidney disease 107 References 156
SUNDARARAMANSWAMINATHANANDSUDHIRV.SHAH
II
Introduction 107
Definitionofcatalytic(labile)ironanditsimportance Treatment of altered metabolism in
intissueinjury 107
chronic kidney disease
Roleofcatalyticironinacutekidneyinjury 109
Gentamicin-inducedmobilizationofironfromrenal
corticalmitochondria 110
Evidencesuggestingaroleforironingentamicin-induced 12. Assessment and risk factors for protein-energy
acuterenalfailureinrats 110 wasting and frailty in chronic kidney disease 165
Catalyticironinchronickidneydisease 112
Concludingcomments 115 EKAMOLTANTISATTAMO,JOHNSY,JUN-CHULKIM,
JOELD.KOPPLEANDKAMYARKALANTAR-ZADEH
References 116
Introduction 165
Assessmentforprotein-energywasting 165
9. Carbonyl stress in uremia 121
Assessmentforfrailty 174
TOSHIOMIYATAANDKIYOSHIKUROKAWA Riskfactorsofprotein-energywastingandfrailty 179
Acknowledgments 183
Introduction 121
Fundingsources 183
Increasedageandotherproteinmodifications 121
Potentialconflictofinterests 183
Carbonylstress 122
Importantdisclosure 183
Clinicalconsequencesofcarbonylstress 123
Abbreviations 183
Nutritionandcarbonylstress 124
References 184
References 124
Furtherreading 189
10. Metabolic and nutritional responses to
acidemia and alkalemia 127 13. Causes and treatment of protein-energy
wasting in kidney disease 191
IBIRONKEW.APATA,JAMESL.BAILEYANDHAROLDA.FRANCH
KEIICHISUMIDAANDCSABAP.KOVESDY
Introduction 127
Responsestoacuteacidemiaandalkalemia 127 Introduction 191
Bonebufferingandcalciumhomeostasisinchronicacidemia 128 Causesofprotein-energywastinginchronickidneydisease 192
Increasedammoniagenesisandmusclewastinginacidemia 129 Pathophysiologyofprotein-energywastinginchronic
Hypoalbuminemia,inflammation,andinnate-and kidneydisease 192
cell-mediatedimmunities 131 Endocrineandhormonaldisorders 194
Endocrineresponsestoacidemia 132 Effectofvolumeoverload 196
Renalhypertrophy 133 Contributionofcomorbidities 196
Whatisthebenefitofthecatabolicresponsetometabolic Alteredproteinkineticsinchronickidneydisease 197
acidosis? 134 Nutrientlossduringdialysis 197
Theoriesofsubclinicalacidemia,acidstress, Inflammation:agentprovocateurofprotein-energywasting 197
oreubicarbonatemicmetabolicacidosis 135 Roleofmetabolicacidemia 199
Estimatednetendogenousacidproductionandthepotential Oxidativestress:otherkeypathways 199
renalacidload 135 Treatmentofprotein-energywastinginchronic
Clinicalimplicationsforcalciumandbone 137 kidneydisease 200
Clinicalimplicationsforproteinnutrition,musclefunction, Summaryandconclusion 202
andmortality 138 References 203
ix
Contents
14. Prevention and management of cardiovascular 18. Therapeutic strategies to limit tryptophan
disease in kidney disease and kidney failure 207 metabolites toxicity during chronic
kidney disease 281
PRANAVS.GARIMELLA,DANIELE.WEINERANDMARKJ.SARNAK
CHRISTOPHEBARBA,DENISFOUQUEANDLAETITIAKOPPE
Introduction 207
Cardiovascularriskfactors 207 Introduction:Gut-deriveduremictoxins 281
ManagementofCVD 214 Metabolismoftryptophanandindoleproduction 281
Conclusion 217 Tryptophanmetabolitesasarylhydrocarbonreceptorligands 282
References 218 TryptophanmetabolitespromoteCKDprogression 283
Roleoforganicaniontransportersinthenephrotoxicityof
tryptophanmetabolites 285
15. Effects of nutritional status and changes in Tryptophanmetabolitesinduceavascularprocoagulant
nutrient intake on renal function 225 phenotypeandcardiovascularcomplications 285
Tryptophanmetabolitesandcardiovascularevents
YOKONARASAKIANDCONNIEM.RHEE
inCKDpatients 287
Tryptophanmetabolitesinvolvedinmusculoskeletaldisorders 287
Introduction 225
Therapeuticstrategiestoreducetryptophanmetabolites
Impactofnutritionalstatusonkidneyfunction 226
accumulationandproduction 288
Impactofprotein-energywastingonkidneyfunction 234
Conclusion 291
Effectsofmaternalnutritiononrenaldevelopment 239
References 291
Conclusion 239
References 239
19. Alkalization to retard progression of
chronic kidney disease 297
III
NIMRITGORAYA,KALANIL.RAPHAELANDDONALDE.WESSON
Nutrition and slowing of progressive
Introduction 297
chronic kidney disease ThedailyH1challenge 299
Maintenanceofnormalacid(cid:1)basehomeostasis 301
HowmightcliniciansapproachmanagementofH1stress,
16. Dietary interventions to slow the progression asakidneyprotectiveintervention,inindividualswith
of chronic kidney disease and improve metabolic CKDwithinthecontextofthethree
mechanisticstrategies? 306
control of uremia 249
Conclusion 306
DENISFOUQUE Funding 306
References 306
Assessingtheprogressionofchronickidneydisease 249
Proteinintakeandchronickidneydisease:
IV
Experimentaldata 252
Dietaryproteinintake:Clinicalstudies 255
Mineral and vitamin metabolism in
Clinicalevidenceoftheeffectsoflow-proteindiets 262
Conclusion 267 kidney disease
References 267
20. Nutritional management of sodium, chloride,
17. Disorders of phosphorus homeostasis:
and water in kidney disease and kidney failure 313
emerging targets for slowing progression of
MICHELBURNIERSR.
chronic kidney disease 271
ORLANDOM.GUTIE´RREZ Introduction 313
Regulationofsodium,chloride,andwaterinhealthy
Introduction 271 conditions 313
Roleofdietaryphosphorusintakeindisturbancesof Regulationofsodium,chloride,andwaterin
mineralmetabolisminCKD 271 kidneydiseases(stages3(cid:1)5) 316
Disordersofphosphorushomeostasisandkidneydisease Regulationofsodiumandwaterbalanceinkidneyfailure
progression 272 (CKDstage5D) 317
DietaryphosphorusrestrictioninCKD:practical Clinicalimplicationsofsaltandwaterexcessesinkidney
considerationsmovingforward 275 diseases 318
Conclusion 276 Recommendationsforthenutritionalmanagementofsodium,
References 276 chloride,andwater 321