Nutritional freshwater life

320 Pages·2015·51.162 MB·English

by  Santhanam, Ramasamy

N u t r i t i o n a l
F r e s h w a t e r
L i f e

N u t r i t i o n a l
F r e s h w a t e r
L i f e
Ramasamy Santhanam
Boca Raton London New York
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CONTENTS
Preface ....................................................................................................................................xvii
About the Author ................................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................1
Plants and Animals in Freshwater Biomes ....................................................................1
Malnutrition, a Global Problem .......................................................................................1
Importance of Freshwater Fisheries ..............................................................................2
Importance of Freshwater Fish .......................................................................................2
Protein Content .............................................................................................................2
Lipid Content ..................................................................................................................2
Lipid Quality ...................................................................................................................3
Mineral and Vitamin Content .....................................................................................3
Freshwater Fish in Human Nutrition .............................................................................3
Freshwater Crustaceans ...................................................................................................4
Freshwater Molluscs ..........................................................................................................4
Frogs .......................................................................................................................................4
Microalgae .............................................................................................................................5
Aquatic Plants ......................................................................................................................5
Chapter 2: Algae and Plants ..........................................................................................7
Algae .......................................................................................................................................7
Phylum: Chlorophyta (Green Algae) ........................................................................7
Chlorella vulgaris (Beyerinck) Beijerinck 1890 ....................................................7
Chlorella pyrenoidosa H. Chick 1903 .....................................................................8
Chlorella ellipsoidea Gernceck 1907 ......................................................................9
Prasiola japonica Yatabe 1891 ...............................................................................10
Cladophora sp. .........................................................................................................11
Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing 1843 ...............................................12
Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kützing 1833
(= Scenedesmus dimorphus) ...........................................................................12
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (P.A. Dang) ..............................................................13
Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow 1844 .................................................................14
Phylum: Cyanophyta (Blue-Green Algae) ..............................................................16
Nostochopsis lobatus H.C. Wood ex Bornet & Flahault 1886 ......................16
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Ralfs ex Bornet & Flahault Nevada) ................17
Anabaena cylindrica Lemmermann 1896 ............................................................19
Calothrix fusca Bornet & Flahault 1886 ............................................................20
Scytonema bohneri Schmidle 1901 .......................................................................21
Arthrospira platensis Gomont 1892 (= Spirulina platensis) ............................22
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Arthrospira maxima (Setchell & N.L. Gardner) Geitler 1932
(= Spirulina maxima) ..........................................................................................23
Phylloderma sacrum Suringer 1872 (= Aphanothece sacrum) ..........................24
Gloeocapsa livida (Carmichael) Kützing 1847 (= Palmella livida) .................25
Synechococcus elongatus (Nägeli) Nägeli 1849 ................................................26
Lyngbya limnetica Lemmermann 1898 (= Lyngbya lagerheimii) .....................27
Oscillatoria acuminata Gomont 1892 (= Phormidium acuminatum) .............27
Oscillatoria calcuttensis Biswas 1925 ..................................................................28
Oscillatoria foreaui Frémy 1942 (= Phormidium froeaui) .................................28
Phylum: Charophyta (Stonewort Algae) ...............................................................29
Spirogyra sp. ............................................................................................................29
Phylum: Haptophyta (Coccolithophorids) ...........................................................30
Diacronema vlkianum Prauser 1958 ...................................................................30
Phylum: Rhodophyta (Red Algae) ............................................................................31
Porphyridium cruentum (S.F. Gray) Nägeli 1849
(= Porphyridium purpureum)..............................................................................31
Lemanea australis Atkinson 1890 ........................................................................31
Lemanea torulosa (Roth) C. Agardh 1814 ........................................................32
Lemanea fluviatilis (Linnaeus) C. Agardh 1824 ................................................33
Lemanea mamillosa Kützing 1845 (= Lemanea fucina) ...................................34
Lemanea catenata (Kützing) (M.L. Vis & R.G. Sheath)
(= Paralemanea catenata) .................................................................................34
Phylum: Euglenozoa (Flagellate Protozoa) ............................................................36
Euglena gracilis O.F. Müller 1786 ........................................................................36
Plants ....................................................................................................................................37
Phylum: Magnoliophyta (Flowering Plants) ...........................................................37
Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) ................................................................37
Justicia americana (Linnaeus) ...........................................................................37
Bacopa monniera (L.) (Pennell) .......................................................................38
Mentha arvensis (Linnaeus) .............................................................................39
Nymphaea odorata (Aiton) (= Nymphaea tuberosa) ...................................40
Nuphar variegata (Engelm. ex Durand) .........................................................41
Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) .....................................................................................42
Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.) .............................................................................43
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) (R.Br. ex DC) .......................................................44
Polygonum barbatum (L.) ..................................................................................45
Rumex nepalensis (Sprengel) ...........................................................................46
Rumex hastatus (D. Don)..................................................................................47
Rumex dentatus (Linn.) .....................................................................................48
Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) (Gaertn.) ...............................................................49
Fagopyrum esculentum (Moench) ...................................................................49
Enhydra fluctuans (Lour.) ...................................................................................51
Trapa natans (Linnaeus) ...................................................................................52
Ceratophyllum demersum (Linnaeus) .............................................................53
Piper sarmentosum (Roxb.) ..............................................................................54
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Cardamine hirsuta (L.) ......................................................................................55
Nasturtium officinale (W.T. Aiton) ................................................................56
Centella asiatica (L.) (Urban) ..........................................................................57
Caltha palustris (Linnaeus) ..............................................................................58
Hedyotis auricularia (Linnaeus) ........................................................................59
Oxalis corniculata (L.) .......................................................................................60
Viola pilosa (Blume) ...........................................................................................61
Jussiaea repens (Linnaeus) ..............................................................................62
Jussiaea suffruticosa (Linn.) (= Ludwigia octovalvis) .....................................63
Limnophila aromaticoides (Yuen P. Yang & S.H. Yen) ................................64
Ipomoea aquatica (Forssk.) .............................................................................65
Class: Polypodiopsida (Leptosporangiate Ferns) ..........................................66
Marsilea quadrifolia (Linnaeus) .......................................................................66
Marsilea minuta (L.)...........................................................................................67
Ceratopetris thalictroides (L.) (Brogn.) ..........................................................68
Class: Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) ..................................................................69
Dioscorea rotundata (Poir.) ..............................................................................69
Commelina benghalensis (L.) ...........................................................................70
Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) (C. Presl ex Kunth) ..................................71
Lemna minor (Linnaeus) ..................................................................................72
Orontium aquaticum (Linnaeus) .....................................................................73
Colocasia esculenta (L.) (Schott) .....................................................................74
Sagittaria latifolia (Willd.)................................................................................75
Sagittaria cuneata (E. Sheld.) ...........................................................................76
Sagittaria rigida (Pursh) ...................................................................................77
Vallisneria americana (Michx.) ........................................................................78
Potamogeton amplifolius (Tuckerman) ..........................................................78
Potamogeton pectinatus (Linnaeus) (= Stuckenia pectinata) .....................79
Potamogeton richardsonii (A. Bennett) (Rydberg) ......................................80
Typha latifolia (Linnaeus) ..................................................................................81
Zizania aquatica (Linnaeus) ............................................................................82
Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) (Turcz. ex Stapf.) ................................................83
Oryza sativa (Linnaeus) ...................................................................................84
Oryza rufipogon (Griff.) ....................................................................................85
Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) (Trin. ex Hensch.) ...........................................86
Cyperus esculentus (Linnaeus) ........................................................................87
Carex stricta (Lam.) ..........................................................................................88
Alpingia galanga (L.) (Willd.) ..........................................................................89
Hedycium coronarium (J. Koenig) ..................................................................90
Etlingera elatoir (Jack) (R.M. Sm.) ..................................................................91
Chapter 3: Crustaceans ................................................................................................93
Prawns ................................................................................................................................93
Macrobrachium scabriculum Heller 1862...........................................................93
Macrobrachium idella idella Hilgendorf 1898 (= Macrobrachium rude) ...........94
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Contents
Macrobrachium malcomsonii H. Milne-Edwards 1844 ...................................95
Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man 1879 .........................................................95
Macrobrachium vollenhovenii Herklots 1857 ....................................................96
Macrobrachium macrobrachion Herklots 1851 (= Palaemon africanus) ............97
Crayfish (Freshwater Lobsters) ...................................................................................98
Astacus astacus Linnaeus 1758 ............................................................................98
Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz 1823 ............................................................99
Procambarus clarkii Girard 1852 .........................................................................99
Procambarus zonangulus Hobbs & Hobbs 1990 ............................................101
Orconectes rusticus Giard 1852 .........................................................................101
Orconectes limosus Rafinesque 1817 ................................................................102
Cherax destructor Clark 1936 ............................................................................103
Cherax tenuimanus Smith 1912 ..........................................................................103
Cherax quadricarinatus Von Martens 1868 .....................................................104
Crabs .................................................................................................................................105
Potamon potamios Olivier 1804 ........................................................................105
Paratelphusa masoniana Henderson 1893 ......................................................106
Sudanonautes africanus A. Milne-Edwards 1869 ...........................................106
Callinectes pallidus De Rocheburne 1883 .......................................................107
Cardisoma armatum Herklots 1851 .................................................................108
Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma Herbst 1794 ......................................................109
Travancoriana schirnerae Bott 1969 ...................................................................110
Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne-Edwards 1853 .......................................................111
Ozeotelphusa senex senex Fabricius
(= Oziotelphusa wagrakarowensis).........................................................112
Chapter 4: Molluscs ........................................................................................................113
Class: Bivalvia (Bivalves) ................................................................................................113
Clams ............................................................................................................................113
Corbicula fluminea Prime 1864 (= Corbicula leana) ........................................113
Mussels .........................................................................................................................114
Lamellidens jenkinsianus Benson 1862 ..............................................................114
Lamellidens generosus Gould 1847 (= Unio generosus) ..................................114
Lamellidens marginalis Lamarck 1819 ................................................................115
Parreysia corrugata Müller 1774 .........................................................................116
Parreysia flavidens Benson 1862 .........................................................................116
Parreysia khadakvaslaensis Ray 1966 (Radiatula khadakvaslaensis) .............117
Unio terminalis Bourguignat 1852 (= Unio crassus) ........................................117
Potomida littoralis Cuvier 1798 (= Unio littoralis) ............................................118
Unio tigridis Bourguignat 1853 ...........................................................................118
Class: Gastropoda (Snails) ............................................................................................119
Lissachatina fulica Bowdich 1822 (= Achatina fulica) .....................................119
Helix sp. ................................................................................................................120
Anisus convexiusculus Hutton 1849 ..................................................................120
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