Nutritional Anemia

372 Pages·2022·15.24 MB·English

by  Crystal D. Karakochuk, Michael B. Zimmermann, Diego Moretti, Klaus Kraemer

Nutrition and Health
Series Editors: Adrianne Bendich · Connie W. Bales
Crystal D. Karakochuk
Michael B. Zimmermann
Diego Moretti
Klaus Kraemer   Editors
Nutritional
Anemia
Second Edition
Nutrition and Health
Series Editors
Adrianne Bendich, Wellington, FL, USA
Connie W. Bales, Duke University School of Medicine
Durham VA Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA
The Nutrition and Health series has an overriding mission in providing health
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Nutrition and Health is a major resource of relevant, clinically based
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driven reviews and practice guidelines.
Crystal D. Karakochuk
Michael B. Zimmermann
Diego Moretti • Klaus Kraemer
Editors
Nutritional Anemia
Second Edition
Editors
Crystal D. Karakochuk Michael B. Zimmermann
Human Nutrition Institute of Food Nutrition and Health
The University of British Columbia ETH Zurich
Vancouver, BC, Canada Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Diego Moretti Klaus Kraemer
Department of Health International Health
University of Applied Sciences of South Sight and Life Foundation and Johns
Switzerland (SUPSI) and Swiss Hopkins School of Public Health
Distance University of Applied Sciences Basel, Switzerland
(FFHS)
Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
ISSN 2628-197X ISSN 2628-1961 (electronic)
Nutrition and Health
ISBN 978-3-031-14520-9 ISBN 978-3-031-14521-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14521-6
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Preface
Anemia is a worldwide public health problem affecting 1.62 billion people,
or ~25% of the global population [1]. The highest prevalence of anemia
occurs in children aged 6–59 months (40%, or ~269 million globally) and
importantly, the largest group of affected individuals (30%, or ~571 million
globally) is women of reproductive age (15–49 years) [2]. Reduction of ane-
mia in women of reproductive age is a target of Goal 2 (zero hunger) of the
17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call to action
by all countries to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. In
contrast to women, targets for anemia reduction in infants and children have
yet to be set.
Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin concentration below a defined thresh-
old established for a specific age, sex, or life stage. In children, anemia can
impair cognitive development, decrease learning potential, and have long-
term implications on overall quality of life. In adults, it can impair work
capacity and productivity and increase the risk of adverse pregnancy out-
comes (e.g., low birth weight). Causes of anemia can include micronutrient
deficiencies (e.g., iron and folic acid), infection and disease, and genetic
hemoglobin disorders (e.g., sickle cell disease), which are autosomal reces-
sive disorders that result in a decreased or defective hemoglobin production.
Understanding the causes of anemia is critical to inform appropriate strate-
gies to prevent and treat anemia, particularly to reduce the risk of anemia and
the burden of disease.
The 2007 first edition text concluded that despite a great deal of program-
matic experience, scientific data and new information on iron metabolism and
the role of other nutrients in the etiology of nutritional anemia, there has
unfortunately been little documented success in addressing the problem at a
public health level. Now, 15 years later, the release of this second edition text,
which has been comprehensively expanded to 27 chapters, further highlights
the complexity of the topic and the phenomenal advances we have observed
in science during this timeframe. Unfortunately, despite this, these phenom-
enal advances have not yet been translated into anemia reduction. This sec-
ond edition text addresses some of the potential reasons why these advances
in discovery and implementation have not resulted in acceptable progress in
anemia reduction. Anemia prevalence among women and children remains
unacceptably high in most regions of the world, despite the global and
v
vi Preface
national attention and the plethora of policies, interventions, and programs
designed to treat, prevent, and reduce anemia.
Chapter authors of this second edition text are leading global experts in
nutrition and health. The introductory chapters provide an overview of the
worldwide prevalence and the progress in anemia reduction, iron biology and
homeostasis, laboratory methods for anemia and iron deficiency surveillance,
and interpretation of biomarkers associated with nutritional anemia.
Subsequent chapters highlight new evidence on anemia among special popu-
lations, the role of other micronutrients in the etiology of anemia, hepcidin
homeostasis and the emerging association between hepcidin and vitamin D,
iron and the human gut microbiota, and novel approaches to oral iron supple-
mentation. The summarizing chapters highlight program and policy
approaches to treat, prevent, and reduce anemia in the global context, includ-
ing food-based approaches, policy considerations of food fortification, and
designing effective programs for anemia reduction.
This landmark publication aims to inform government, NGO, and interna-
tional agencies on how to effectively measure, treat, prevent, and reduce ane-
mia globally. We hope this second edition text will be a current and
comprehensive resource on anemia for all those involved in global health and
nutrition policy, strategy, programming, or research, and, ultimately, helps to
facilitate meaningful progress in anemia reduction globally.
Vancouver, BC, Canada Crystal D. Karakochuk
Zürich, Switzerland Diego Moretti
Basel, Switzerland Klaus Kraemer
Zürich, Switzerland Michael B. Zimmermann
References
1. World Health Organization. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993-
2005: WHO Global Database on Anaemia. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2008.
2. Stevens GA, et al. National, regional, and global estimates of anaemia by
severity in women and children for 2000-19: a pooled analysis of popu-
lation-representative data. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10(5): E627–39.
Contents
Part I Prevalence, Biology, Lab Methods and Interpretation of
Biomarkers
1 Anaemia: Worldwide Prevalence and Progress
in Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Andrew Baldi and Sant-Rayn Pasricha
2 Iron Biology: Metabolism and Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Tomas Ganz
3 Measurement Methods for Anemia and Iron Status
Surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Sorrel Namaste, Eleanor Brindle, and Dean Garrett
4 Interpretation of Biomarkers and Diagnosis
of Nutritional Anaemias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Danielle Clucas and Beverley-Ann Biggs
5 Effects of Inflammation on Micronutrient Biomarkers
Associated with Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Melissa F. Young and Parminder S. Suchdev
Part II Special Populations
6 Nutritional Anemia in Infants and Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Magnus Domelöf and Staffan K. Berglund
7 Nutritional Anemia in Pregnancy and Lactation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Anuraj H. Shankar, Rina Agustina, and Yuni Setiyawati
8 Nutritional Anemia in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait
9 Iron Deficiency and Anaemia in Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Peter Peeling, Alannah McKay, and Marc Sim
vii
viii Contents
Part III Sources of Iron and Bioavailability
10 Sources of Iron: Diet, Supplemental, and Environmental . . . . . 127
Frank T. Wieringa, Marjoleine A. Dijkhuizen,
and Jacques Berger
11 Iron Bioavailability: Enhancers and Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Manju B. Reddy, Isaac Agbemafle, and Seth Armah
Part IV The Role of Nutrition in Anemia
12 Vitamin A in Nutritional Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Alison D. Gernand, Xiaodi Xu, and Keith P. West Jr
13 The Role of B-Vitamins in Nutritional Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Helene McNulty
14 The Role of Zinc in the Etiology of Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
David W. Killilea and Jonathan H. Siekmann
15 The Role of Vitamin D in Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Merryn J. Netting, Karen P. Best, and Tim J. Green
16 Oxidative Stress and Vitamin E in Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Maret G. Traber and Afaf Kamal-Eldin
Part V Physiological Consequences and Significance of Iron
Deficiency and Anemia
17 Iron Deficiency and Anemia Associated with Infectious
and Inflammatory Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Alexander Hoffmann, Lara Valente de Souza,
and Günter Weiss
18 Iron Deficiency, Anemia, and the Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Anna-Maria Mitterstiller, Laura von Raffay,
and Manfred Nairz
19 Genetic Hemoglobin Disorders and Their Association
with Hemoglobin Concentration and Biomarkers of
Nutritional Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Crystal D. Karakochuk, Aviva I. Rappaport,
and Brock A. Williams
20 Iron and the Human Gut Microbiota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Daniela Paganini, Mary A. Uyoga,
and Michael B. Zimmermann
21 Safety of Interventions to Reduce Nutritional Anemia . . . . . . . . 281
Andrew M. Prentice, Carla Cerami, Martin N. Mwangi,
and Hans Verhoef
Contents ix
22 Novel Approaches to Oral Iron Supplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Diego Moretti and Nicole U. Stoffel
23 Cognitive and Behavioral Consequences of Iron Deficiency . . . . 305
Laura E. Murray-Kolb and Amrita Arcot
Part VI Program and Policy
24 Strengthening Fortification Markets to Reduce
Iron Deficiency Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Dipika Matthias and Penjani Mkambula
25 Food-Based Approaches for Combating Iron Deficiency . . . . . . 339
Kristina D. Michaux, Jennifer K. Foley, and Erick Boy
26 Food Fortification with Iron: Policy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 351
Greg S. Garrett
27 Designing Effective Programs for Anemia Reduction . . . . . . . . . 359
Monica T. Kothari and Kaitlyn L. I. Samson
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377