Nutrition Through the Life Cycle PDF
Preview Nutrition Through the Life Cycle
NUtRItIoN Through the Life Cycle Sixth Edition Judith E. Brown Ph.D., M.P.H., R.D. University of Minnesota with Ellen Lechtenberg, M.P.H., R.D., I.B.C.L.C. Ellen K. Bowser, M.S., R.D., LDN, FAND, Primary Children’s Hospital R.N, B.S.N. University of Florida Pediatric Pulmonary Maureen A. Murtaugh, Ph.D., R.D. Division University of Utah School of Medicine Beth L. Leonberg, M.S., M.A., R.D., C.S.P., Patricia L. Splett, Ph.D., M.P.H., R.D. F.A.N.D., L.D.N. Nutrition Consultant Drexel University Jamie Stang, Ph.D., M.P.H., R.D. Nadine R. Sahyoun, Ph.D., R.D. University of Minnesota University of Maryland Robyn Wong, M.P.H., R.D., C.S.P., L.D. Kaiser Permanente Medical Center - Hawaii Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Nutrition Through the Life Cycle, 6e © 2017, 2014, Cengage Learning Judith E. Brown WCN: 02-200-203 Product Manager: Krista Mastroianni ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may Content Developer: Lauren Oliveira be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. 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MPS Limited Photo Researcher: Lumina Datamatics Library of Congress Control Number: 2015945351 Text Researcher: Lumina Datamatics ISBN: 978-1-305-62800-7 Text Designer: Ellen Pettengell Design Cover Designer: Michael Cook Loose-leaf Edition: Cover Image: Gts/Shutterstock.com ISBN: 978-1-305-88088-7 Compositor: MPS Limited Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2016 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Br IEf CONTENTs Chapt Er 12 Child and Preadolescent Nutrition 305 Chapt Er 13 Child and Preadolescent Nutrition 331 Preface xiv Conditions and Interventions Chapt Er 1 Chapt Er 14 Nutrition Basics 1 Adolescent Nutrition 349 Chapt Er 2 Chapt Er 15 Preconception Nutrition 50 Adolescent Nutrition 378 Chapt Er 3 Conditions and Interventions Preconception Nutrition 71 Chapt Er 16 Conditions and Interventions Adult Nutrition 401 Chapt Er 4 Chapt Er 17 Nutrition During Pregnancy 87 Adult Nutrition 423 Chapt Er 5 Conditions and Interventions Nutrition During Pregnancy 135 Chapt Er 18 Conditions and Interventions Nutrition and Older Adults 449 Chapt Er 6 Chapt Er 19 Nutrition During Lactation 160 Nutrition and Older Adults 480 Chapt Er 7 Conditions and Interventions Nutrition During Lactation 192 anSwEr S to r EviEw QuESt ionS 511 Conditions and Interventions appEndix a Chapt Er 8 Measurement Abbreviations and Equivalents 518 Infant Nutrition 221 appEndix B Chapt Er 9 Body Mass Index (BMI) 520 Infant Nutrition 244 references 521 Conditions and Interventions Glossary 567 Chapt Er 10 index 578 Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition 260 Chapt Er 11 Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition 289 Conditions and Interventions iii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CONTENTs Public food and Nutrition Programs 43 WIC 43 Nationwide Priorities for Improvements in Nutritional Health 44 Nutrition and Health Guidelines for Americans 44 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 44 MyPlate.gov 45 UsDA’s food Groups 45 preface xiv All chapters include Resources and References Chapt Er 2 Preconception Nutrition 50 Chapt Er 1 Introduction 51 Nutrition Basics 1 Preconception Overview 51 Introduction 2 2020 Nutrition Objectives for the Nation related to Preconception 51 Principles of the science of Nutrition 2 reproductive Physiology 52 Essential and Nonessential Nutrients 3 female reproductive system 52 Dietary Intake standards 3 Male reproductive system 55 standards of Nutrient Intake for Nutrition Labels 4 Carbohydrates 4 Nutrition and fertility 56 Protein 5 Undernutrition and fertility 56 fats (Lipids) 8 Body fat and fertility 56 Vitamins 10 CASE Study 2.1 Cyclic Infertility with Weight Loss Phytochemicals 13 and Gain 57 Minerals 13 Nutrient status and fertility 58 Water 23 Nutrition During the Periconceptional Period 60 Nutrient functions at the Cellular Level 23 Periconceptional folate status 60 Nutritional Labeling 36 Periconceptional Iron status 62 Nutrition facts Panel 37 recommended Dietary Intake and Healthy Dietary Ingredient Label 37 Patterns for Preconceptional Women 63 Dietary supplement Labeling 37 Herbal remedies 38 Influence of Contraceptives on Preconceptional Nutrition status 64 The Life-Course Approach to Nutrition and Health 39 Nutritional side Effects of Hormonal Contraception 64 Meeting Nutritional Needs Across the Life Cycle 39 Dietary Considerations Based on Ethnicity 39 Model Preconceptional Health and Nutrition Dietary Considerations Based on religion 39 Programs 65 Nutrition Assessment 40 Preconceptional Benefits of WIC 65 Decreasing Iron Deficiency in Preconceptional Women in Community-Level Assessment 40 Indonesia 65 Individual-Level Nutrition Assessment 40 Preconception Care: Preparing for Pregnancy 66 Clinical/Physical Assessment 40 Dietary Assessment 40 The Nutrition Care Process 66 Anthropometric Assessment 42 The Nutrition Care Process related Biochemical Assessment 42 to the Preconception Period 66 Monitoring the Nation’s Nutritional Health 42 CASE Study 2.2 Nutrution Care Process (NCP) Male Infertility 67 iv Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents v Chapt Er 3 The Need for Protein 110 Preconception Nutrition The Need for fat 111 71 The Need for Vitamins and Minerals During Pregnancy 112 Conditions and Interventions Calcium 116 Introduction 72 Bioactive Components of food 119 The Need for Water 120 Weight status and fertility 72 Obesity, Body fat Distribution, and fertility 72 factors Affecting Dietary Intake During Pregnancy 120 Effect of Taste and smell Changes on Dietary Intake During CASE Study 3.1 Anna Marie’s tale 74 Pregnancy 120 Underweight and fertility 74 Cultural Considerations 121 Negative Energy Balance and fertility 74 Healthy Dietary Patterns for Pregnancy 121 Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Vegetarian Diets in Pregnancy 122 and fertility 74 Dietary supplements during Pregnancy 122 Women, Exercise, and fertility 75 CASE Study 4.1 Vegan dietary Patterns during Diabetes Prior to Pregnancy 75 Pregnancy 125 Nutritional Management of Diabetes Prior to Pregnancy 76 food safety During Pregnancy 127 Polycystic Ovary syndrome and fertility 77 Nutritional Management of PCOs 78 Assessment of Nutritional status During Pregnancy 127 Dietary Assessment During Pregnancy 127 Phenylketonuria (PKU) 78 Nutrition Biomarker Assessment 128 Maternal PKU 80 Nutritional Management of PKU 80 Exercise and Pregnancy Outcome 128 Exercise recommendations for Pregnant Women 129 Celiac Disease 80 Common Health Problems During Pregnancy 129 CASE Study 3.2 Celiac disease 81 Nausea and Vomiting 129 Nutritional Management of Celiac Disease 81 Heartburn 130 Premenstrual syndrome 84 Constipation 130 Treatment of PMs 84 Model Nutrition Programs for risk reduction in Pregnancy 130 Chapt Er 4 The Montreal Diet Dispensary 130 Nutrition During Pregnancy The WIC Program 131 87 Introduction 88 Chapt Er 5 The status of Pregnancy Outcomes 88 Nutrition During Pregnancy Infant Mortality 88 135 Low Birthweight, Preterm Delivery, and Infant Mortality 89 Conditions and Interventions reducing Infant Mortality and Morbidity 90 Introduction 136 Physiology of Pregnancy 91 Obesity and Pregnancy 136 Maternal Physiology 91 Nutritional recommendations and Interventions for Obesity Normal Physiological Changes During Pregnancy 92 During Pregnancy 137 The Placenta 95 Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy 138 Embryonic and fetal Growth and Development 97 Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy, Oxidative stress, and Critical Periods of Growth and Development 97 Nutrition 138 fetal Body Composition 99 Chronic Hypertension 138 Nutrition, Miscarriage, and Preterm Delivery 101 Gestational Hypertension 139 Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 102 Preeclampsia–Eclampsia 139 Pregnancy Weight Gain 104 CASE Study 5.1 A Case of Preeclampsia 141 Pregnancy Weight Gain recommendations 104 Nutritional recommendations and Interventions for Nutrition and the Course and Outcome of Preeclampsia 141 Pregnancy 107 Diabetes in Pregnancy 141 famine and Pregnancy Outcome 107 Gestational Diabetes 142 Energy and Nutrient Needs During Pregnancy 108 CASE Study 5.2 Elizabeth’s Story: Gestational The Need for Energy 109 diabetes 145 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi Contents Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy 146 Benefits of Breastfeeding 169 Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy 146 Breastfeeding Benefits for Mothers 169 Type 1 Diabetes During Pregnancy 147 Breastfeeding Benefits for Infants 169 Nutritional Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy 147 Benefits 171 Multifetal Pregnancies 148 Breast Milk supply and Demand 171 Background Information about Multiple fetuses 148 Can Women Make Enough Milk? 171 risks Associated with Multifetal Pregnancy 149 Does the size of the Breast Limit a Woman’s Ability to Nurse Nutrition and the Outcome of Multifetal Pregnancy 150 Her Infant? 172 Dietary Intake in Twin Pregnancy 151 Is feeding frequency related to the Amount of Milk CASE Study 5.3 twin Pregnancy and the Nutrition a Woman Can Make? 172 Care Process 152 Can Women Pump or Express Enough Milk? 172 Nutritional recommendations for Women with Multifetal Can Women Breastfeed after Breast reduction or Augmentation Pregnancy 152 surgery? 172 HIV/AIDs During Pregnancy 153 The Breastfeeding Process 173 Consequences of HIV/AIDs During Pregnancy 154 Preparing the Breast for Breastfeeding 173 Nutritional factors and HIV/AIDs During Pregnancy 154 Breastfeeding Positioning 173 Nutritional Management of Women with HIV/AIDs During Presenting the Breast to the suckling Infant 173 Pregnancy 154 The Breastfeeding Infant 174 Eating Disorders in Pregnancy 155 Infant reflexes 174 Consequences of Eating Disorders in Pregnancy 155 CASE Study 6.1 Breastfeeding and Adequate Treatment of Women with Eating Disorders During Nourishment 175 Pregnancy 155 Mechanics of Breastfeeding 175 Nutritional Interventions for Women with Eating Disorders Identifying Hunger and satiety 175 During Pregnancy 155 feeding frequency 176 fetal Alcohol spectrum Disorders 155 Identifying Breastfeeding Malnutrition 176 Nutrition and Adolescent Pregnancy 156 Tooth Decay 176 Growth During Adolescent Pregnancy 157 Vitamin supplements for Breastfeeding Infants 176 Obesity, Excess Weight Gain, and Adolescent Pregnancy 157 Maternal Diet 176 Nutritional recommendations for Pregnant Adolescents 157 Nutrition Assessment of Breastfeeding Women 177 Evidence-Based Practice 157 Energy and Nutrient Needs 178 Maternal Energy Balance and Milk Composition 178 Chapt Er 6 Weight Loss During Breastfeeding 178 Nutrition During Lactation 160 Exercise and Breastfeeding 179 Vitamin and Mineral supplements 179 Introduction 161 Vitamin and Mineral Intakes 179 Lactation Physiology 161 functional foods 179 functional Units of the Mammary Gland 161 fluids 179 Mammary Gland Development 161 Vegetarian Diets 179 Lactogenesis 162 Infant Colic 179 Hormonal Control of Lactation 162 Public food and Nutrition Programs 180 secretion of Milk 162 The Letdown reflex 163 Optimal Duration, Influential factors, and U.s. Goals for Breastfeeding 180 Human Milk Composition 163 Optimal Breastfeeding Duration 180 Colostrum 164 Breastfeeding Goals for the United states 180 Water 164 The surgeon General’s Call to Action to support Energy 164 Breastfeeding 181 Lipids 165 Breastfeeding rates in the United states 181 Protein 165 Milk Carbohydrates 167 Breastfeeding Promotion, facilitation, and support 183 fat-soluble Vitamins 167 Prenatal Breastfeeding Education and support 183 Water-soluble Vitamins 168 Breastfeeding support for Individuals 183 Minerals in Human Milk 168 role of the Health Care system in supporting Taste of Human Milk 169 Breastfeeding 184 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents vii Lactation support in Hospitals and Birthing Centers 185 Human Milk and Preterm Infants 214 Model U.s. Baby-friendly Hospital Programs 185 Medical Contraindications to Breastfeeding 215 Lactation support after Discharge 186 Breastfeeding and HIV Infection 215 The Workplace 186 The Business Case for Breastfeeding 187 Human Milk Collection and storage 216 The Community 187 Milk Banking 216 Public Health support of Breastfeeding 188 Model Programs 218 Model Breastfeeding Promotion Programs 188 Breastfeeding Promotion in Physicians’ Office Practices WIC National Breastfeeding Promotion Project—Loving support (BPPOP) 218 Makes Breastfeeding Work 188 The rush Mothers’ Milk Club 218 Wellstart International 189 Chapt Er 8 Chapt Er 7 Infant Nutrition 221 Nutrition During Lactation 192 Introduction 222 Conditions and Interventions Assessing Newborn Health 222 Introduction 193 Birthweight and Gestational Age as Outcome Measures 222 Common Breastfeeding Conditions 193 Infant Mortality 222 Combating Infant Mortality 223 sore Nipples 193 Newborn Growth Assessment 223 flat or Inverted Nipples 193 Normal Physical Growth and Development 224 Letdown failure 193 Motor Development 224 Hyperactive Letdown 194 Critical Periods 224 Hyperlactation 194 Cognitive Development 225 Engorgement 194 Digestive system Development 226 Plugged Duct 195 Parenting 226 Mastitis 195 Energy and Nutrient Needs 227 CASE Study 7.1 Chronic Mastitis 196 Energy Needs 227 Low Milk supply 196 Protein Needs 227 Maternal Medications 197 fat Needs 227 Herbal remedies 199 Metabolic rate, Energy, fats, and Protein—How Do They All Tie specific Herbs Used in the United states 201 Together? 228 Alcohol and Other Drugs and Exposures 202 Other Nutrient and Non-Nutrient Needs 228 Growth Assessment 229 Alcohol 202 Interpretation of Growth Data 229 Nicotine (smoking Cigarettes) 204 Marijuana 205 feeding in Early Infancy 231 Caffeine 205 Breast Milk and formula 231 Other Drugs of Abuse 205 Cow Milk 232 Environmental Exposures 205 Development of Infant feeding skills 232 Neonatal Jaundice and Kernicterus 207 Introduction of Complementary foods 233 Bilirubin Metabolism 207 The Importance of Infant feeding Position 234 Physiologic Versus Pathologic Newborn Jaundice 207 Preparing for Drinking from a Cup 234 Hyperbilirubinemia and Breastfeeding 208 CASE Study 8.1 Baby Samantha Will Not Eat 235 Prevention and Treatment for severe Jaundice 210 food Texture and Development 235 Information for Parents 210 Complementary feeding 236 Breastfeeding Multiples 211 Inappropriate and Unsafe food Choices 236 Infant Allergies 211 fluids 236 How Much food Is Enough for Infants? 236 food Allergy (Hypersensitivity) 212 Influence of food Preferences food Intolerance 212 on feeding Behavior 237 Late-Preterm Infants 212 Nutrition Guidance 237 CASE Study 7.2 Breastfeeding Premature Infants 213 The Infant’s Home Environment 238 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Contents supplements for Infants 238 Chapt Er 10 Cross-Cultural Considerations 238 Toddler and Preschooler Common Nutritional Issues and Concerns 238 Nutrition Colic 238 260 Iron-Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia 239 Introduction 261 Diarrhea and Constipation 239 Definitions of the Life-Cycle stage 261 Early Childhood Caries (ECC) 239 Importance of Nutrition 261 food Allergies 240 Tracking Toddler and Preschooler Health 261 Vegetarian Diets 241 Healthy People 2020 261 Nutrition Intervention for risk reduction 241 Normal Growth and Development 261 Model Program: Newborn Metabolic screening 241 Measuring Growth 262 The WHO and CDC Growth Charts 262 Chapt Er 9 WHO Growth standards 263 Infant Nutrition Common Problems with Measuring and Plotting 244 Growth Data 264 Conditions and Interventions Physiological and Cognitive Development 264 Introduction 245 Toddlers 264 Infants at risk 245 CASE Study 10.1 Meal time with a toddler 266 families of Infants with special Health Care Needs 246 Preschool-Age Children 266 Energy and Nutrient Needs of Preterm Infants and Infants Temperament Differences 268 with special Health Care Needs and/or Developmental food Preference Development, Appetite, and satiety 268 Delay 246 Energy and Nutrient Needs 270 Energy Needs 246 Energy Needs 270 Protein requirements 247 Protein 270 forms of Protein 247 Vitamins and Minerals 270 fat 247 Common Nutrition Problems 270 Vitamins and Minerals 247 Iron-Deficiency Anemia 270 Growth of Infants at risk or with special Health Dental Caries 273 Care Needs 247 Constipation 273 Growth in Preterm Infants 248 Elevated Blood Lead Levels 273 Corrected Age 248 food security 274 Does Intrauterine Growth Predict Extrauterine Growth? 250 food safety 275 Interpretation of Growth 250 Prevention of Nutrition-related Disorders 275 Nutrition for Infants with special Health Overweight and Obesity in Toddlers Care Needs 251 and Preschoolers 275 Nutrition risks to Development 251 Assessment of Overweight and Obesity 276 severe Preterm Birth and Nutrition 252 Prevention of Overweight and Obesity 276 How sick Babies Are fed 252 Treatment of Overweight and Obesity Expert Committee: food safety 253 recommendations 276 What to feed Preterm Infants 253 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 277 Preterm Infants and feeding 254 Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Toddlers and Preschoolers 277 CASE Study 9.1 Premature Birth in an At-Risk Vitamin and Mineral supplements 278 Family 255 Herbal supplements 279 Infants with Congenital Anomalies and Chronic Dietary and Physical Activity recommendations 279 Illness 255 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 279 Infants with Genetic Disorders 256 MyPlate 280 CASE Study 9.2 Noah’s Cardiac Condition 257 recommendations for Intake of Iron, fiber, fat, and Calcium 282 fat soluble Vitamins 282 feeding Problems 257 recommended Versus Actual food Intake 283 Nutrition Interventions 258 Cross-Cultural Considerations 284 Nutrition services 258 Vegetarian Diets 284 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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