Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection

555 Pages·2018·14.87 MB·English

by  Philip C Calder

Nutrition, Immunity,
and Infection

Nutrition, Immunity,
and Infection
Edited By
Philip C. Calder and Anil D. Kulkarni
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Calder, Philip C., editor. | Kulkarni, Anil D. (Anil Digambar), editor.
Title: Nutrition, immunity, and infection / editors, Philip C. Calder and Anil D. Kulkarni.
Other titles: Nutrition, immunity, and infection (Calder)
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017017013 | ISBN 9781482253979 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Nutritional Physiological Phenomena--immunology | Immune
System--physiology | Nutrition Disorders--immunology |
Immunity--physiology | Infection--immunology
Classification: LCC QR181 | NLM QU 145 | DDC 616.07/9--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017017013
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Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
About the Editors ..............................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Immune System .............................................................................1
Philip C. Calder and Gerald Sonnenfeld
Chapter 2 The Gut-Associated Lymphoid System ......................................................................19
Marie C. Lewis
Chapter 3 Obesity, Immunity, and Infection ...............................................................................33
Scott D. Neidich and Melinda A. Beck
Chapter 4 Role of Immune Cells in Adipose Tissue ...................................................................43
Jack Warburton and Fátima Pérez de Heredia
Chapter 5 Influence of Infection and Inflammation on Nutrient Status .....................................57
David I. Thurnham and Christine A. Northrop-Clewes
Chapter 6 Undernutrition, Infection, and Poor Growth in Infants and Children .......................83
D. Joe Millward
Chapter 7 Immunity in Anorexia Nervosa................................................................................111
Esther Nova and Ascensión Marcos
Chapter 8 Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Response to Vaccination ...............................................125
Caroline E. Childs
Chapter 9 The Immunological Benefits of Complex Oligosaccharides in Human Milk ..........145
Ling Xiao, Bernd Stahl, Gert Folkerts, Johan Garssen,
Leon Knippels, and Belinda van’t Land
Chapter 10 Mechanisms of Immune Regulation by Vitamin A and Its Metabolites .................159
Randi Larsen Indrevær, Agnete Bratsberg Eriksen,
and Heidi Kiil Blomhoff
Chapter 11 Vitamin A, Immunity, and Infection ........................................................................181
Charles B. Stephensen
v
vi Contents
Chapter 12 Vitamin E, Immunity, and Infection ........................................................................197
Dayong Wu and Simin Nikbin Meydani
Chapter 13 Iron, Immunity, and Infection ..................................................................................213
Hal Drakesmith
Chapter 14 Selenium as a Regulator of Inflammation and Immunity ........................................231
Aaron H. Rose and Peter R. Hoffmann
Chapter 15 Zinc Regulation of the Immune Response ...............................................................245
Veronika Kloubert and Lothar Rink
Chapter 16 Short-Chain Fatty Acids, G Protein-Coupled Receptors, and Immune Cells..........279
José Luís Fachi, Renan O. Corrêa, Fabio T. Sato, Angélica T. Vieira,
Hosana G. Rodrigues, and Marco Aurélio R. Vinolo
Chapter 17 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and T-Cell Responses ............................................................295
Tim Y. Hou, David N. McMurray, and Robert S. Chapkin
Chapter 18 Novel Immunoregulatory Mediators Produced from Omega-3 Fatty Acids ............315
Patricia R. Souza, Hefin R. Jones, and Lucy V. Norling
Chapter 19 Roles of Arginine in Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity ..................................335
Wenkai Ren, Yulong Yin, Beiyan Zhou, Fuller W. Bazer, and Guoyao Wu
Chapter 20 Nitric Oxide and the Immune System ......................................................................349
Fernanda Salomao Costa, Anil Kulkarni, Alamelu Sundaresan,
Davide Cattano, and Marie-Francoise Doursout
Chapter 21 Glutamine and the Immune System .........................................................................357
Vinicius Fernandes Cruzat and Philip Newsholme
Chapter 22 Glutathione, Immunity, and Infection ......................................................................375
Enrique Vera Tudela, Manpreet Singh, and Vishwanath Venketaraman
Chapter 23 Dietary Nucleotides and Immunity ..........................................................................387
Luis Fontana, Olga Martínez-Augustin, and Ángel Gil
Chapter 24 Gangliosides and Immune Regulation .....................................................................405
Ricardo Rueda, Esther Castanys-Muñoz, and Enrique Vázquez
Contents vii
Chapter 25 AHCC Nutritional Supplement and the Immune Response .....................................427
Takehito Miura and Anil D. Kulkarni
Chapter 26 Environmental Stressors, Immunity, and Nutrition .................................................435
L. Olamigoke, E. Mansoor, D. Grimm, J. Bauer, V. Mann, and A. Sundaresan
Chapter 27 Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection: Ayurvedic and Conventional Perspectives .....443
Kavita D. Chandwani, Shinil K. Shah, Erik B. Wilson, and Anil D. Kulkarni
Chapter 28 Poor Maternal Nutritional Status or HIV Infection and Infant Outcomes:
Evidence from India and Africa ...............................................................................453
Sarah Helen Kehoe and Marie-Louise Newell
Chapter 29 Postpregnancy Ethnic Nutritional Practices in India:
A Critical Perspective of Immunity and Infection ...................................................465
P. R. Janci Rani, N. Tharani Devi, and Murali Rangarajan
Index ..............................................................................................................................................521

Preface
The immune system is the core of defense against pathogenic organisms. It includes barrier func-
tions, multiple cell types with specialized defense roles, and a myriad of chemicals, some involved
directly in defense and others in regulation of the immune response. It is evident that a well-func-
tioning immune system is central to protection against becoming infected and to the body’s response
to being infected. But the immune system does more than that: it is involved in surveillance against
tumor cells, in the response to injury, and in the tolerance of foods, commensal organisms, and, in
pregnancy, the fetus, each of which is foreign to the individual. Failure of the immune system to
respond properly predisposes to infection and makes infections more severe, increases risk of can-
cer, diminishes the ability to heal wounds, and can result in adverse reactions to foods and to nor-
mally benign environmental exposures including harmless microorganisms. Such immune failures
underlie immune-mediated conditions that can be pathological and in some cases fatal.
Nutrition is one of the determinants of immune competence, and the immune system is adversely
affected by malnutrition. Malnutrition may come in several forms; one of these is sometimes called
protein-energy malnutrition; this is frank undernutrition and is caused by inadequate access to
food. The second form of malnutrition is specific essential nutrient deficiencies, such as deficiency
of zinc, iron, or vitamin A. Such nutrient deficiencies may be multiple in a single individual and
may coincide with protein-energy malnutrition. The immune system has a high demand for energy,
so requiring fuels, and for biosynthesis and cell replication, so requiring the substrates that act as
building blocks. Such intense metabolic activity requires cofactors and regulators; these are often
vitamins and minerals. Thus, it is easy to see that either protein-energy malnutrition or essential
nutrient deficiencies will impair the immune response, making the individual more susceptible to
infection. The third form of malnutrition is overnutrition, principally in the form of an excessive
intake of macronutrients resulting in overweight and obesity. It is now known that obesity is also
linked to immune impairments. Billions of individuals worldwide, many of them children, suffer
from each of protein-energy malnutrition, essential nutrient deficiencies, and overweight and obe-
sity. Research has shown that reversing malnutrition improves immune competence with a subse-
quent improvement in resistance to infection. Thus, poor nutrition impacting the immune system is
a global public health problem with immense consequences on childhood growth and development,
on morbidity and mortality, and on social structures and health economies. In order to properly
address this problem, a detailed understanding of the nutrition–immunity–infection interaction is
required.
This book addresses different aspects of the nutrition–immunity–infection triad. It brings
together the state of the art descriptions of different components of that triad with the aim of pro-
viding an integrated view overall. Life-course considerations are included and there is recognition
that nutrition is culture and context specific, which may have an overall impact on the outcome of
dietary exposures and particular interventions.
We are indebted to the authors of the individual chapters for their contributions to this important
book, and we thank the publishers for their continued support throughout this project.
Philip C. Calder and Anil D. Kulkarni
ix