Nutrition and Mental Health

306 Pages·2013·4.025 MB·English

by  Ruth Leyse-Wallace

NUTRITION and
MENTAL HEALTH

NUTRITION and
MENTAL HEALTH
RUTH LEYSE-WALLACE
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Contents
List of tables .....................................................................................................xix
Preface ...............................................................................................................xxi
Introduction ..................................................................................................xxiii
Author biography ..........................................................................................xxxi
Chapter 1 Historical perspective ................................................................1
Introduction ........................................................................................................1
Scientific contributions ......................................................................................1
Psychological consequences of starvation .................................................1
Biological psychiatry .....................................................................................2
An experimental self-induced folic acid deficiency .................................3
Orthomolecular medicine ............................................................................3
Other pioneers ...............................................................................................5
Nutrition for the brain ..................................................................................5
Content of meals affect the brain ................................................................6
Nutrition in psychiatry .................................................................................6
Functional medicine and biological individuality ...................................7
Nutritional biochemistry .............................................................................8
Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics ...............................................................9
Public action in mental health in the United States ......................................9
National symposium ....................................................................................9
Surgeon General’s Report on Mental Health ..........................................10
New Freedom Commission on Mental Health .......................................10
Mental Health Parity and Addiction Act .................................................10
References .........................................................................................................11
Chapter 2 Addiction—food, alcohol, and caffeine ...............................13
Introduction ......................................................................................................13
Food addiction ..................................................................................................13
Food as drug model: Neurochemistry and genetics ..............................13
Malnutrition in food addiction .................................................................14
Assessment for food addiction ..................................................................15
Yale Food Addiction Scale ................................................................15
Self-assessment tools for food addiction ........................................15
v
vi Contents
Alcohol addiction .............................................................................................15
Metabolism of alcohol .................................................................................15
Appetite and nutrient intake .....................................................................16
Alcohol and pregnancy ..............................................................................16
Lipids .............................................................................................................17
Essential fatty acids, impulsive behavior and alcoholics .............17
Vitamins .......................................................................................................17
Interaction of vitamins and alcohol ................................................17
Nutritional status: Mildly and heavily dependent alcoholics .....18
Vitamin relationships ........................................................................18
Predicting thiamin deficiency .........................................................18
Alcoholic neuropathy distinct from thiamin-deficiency
neuropathy ..........................................................................................19
Recovery from Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome ............................19
Vitamin A deficiency: A case study ................................................19
Vitamin C deficiency: A case study ................................................19
Vitamin K lowered risk of alcoholism: A 30-year follow-up .......19
Moderate level supplements during alcohol rehabilitation .........19
Minerals ........................................................................................................20
Zinc, copper, and withdrawal from alcohol ..................................20
Other .............................................................................................................20
Alcohol use and cognitive decline ..................................................20
Alcohol and psychiatric comorbidity .............................................21
Alcohol and psychiatric comorbidity: Eating disorders ..............21
Screening for alcohol use ..................................................................21
Discontinuing use of alcohol—withdrawal and depression .......22
Nutrition education and recovery ...................................................22
Alcohol, diabetes, and Antabuse/disulfiram ................................22
Caffeine addiction ............................................................................................22
Caffeine-induced psychosis: A case study ..............................................23
Caffeine tolerance ........................................................................................24
Noncoffee caffeine .......................................................................................24
Drinks combining alcohol and caffeine—an FTC warning .................24
Journal of Caffeine Research ..........................................................................25
Conclusions .......................................................................................................26
References .........................................................................................................26
Chapter 3 Aggression, anger, hostility, and violence ...........................31
Introduction ......................................................................................................31
Lipids .................................................................................................................32
Essential fatty acids, anger, and anxiety ..................................................32
Violent behavior and essential fatty acids ...............................................32
Intake of fish, omega-3, and omega-6 fatty acids, and hostility in
young adults.................................................................................................32
Contents vii
Low cholesterol and violent crime ............................................................32
Cholesterol-lowering drugs .......................................................................33
Vitamins ............................................................................................................33
Aggression, empty calories, and thiamin ................................................33
Minerals .............................................................................................................34
Copper-to-zinc ratios in assaultive young males ...................................34
Selenium (Se): Environmental exposure ..................................................34
Supplements ......................................................................................................34
Criminal behavior: Lessons from the past ..............................................34
Disciplinary infractions in prison and nutrition supplements ............35
Reported incidences reduced, but not aggressiveness ..........................36
Juvenile delinquency and vitamin–mineral supplementation .............36
Rage and labile mood in two children .....................................................37
Other ..................................................................................................................37
Hostility, BMI, waist–hip ratio, calorie intake, and lipids .....................37
Anger and metabolic syndrome................................................................37
Cholesterol, violent behavior, and genes .................................................38
Conclusions .......................................................................................................38
References .........................................................................................................38
Chapter 4 Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ................................41
Introduction ......................................................................................................41
Autism spectrum disorders ............................................................................41
Nutrients and autism ..................................................................................42
Consensus report and evaluation guidelines for pediatric ASD
digestive problems ......................................................................................43
Environmental and genetic factors in autism .........................................44
Autism and environmental factors ...........................................................45
Autism and nongenetic risk factors ..........................................................45
Lipids .............................................................................................................46
Fatty acid: Mental retardation vs. autism.......................................46
Fatty acids in erythrocytes and plasma lipids ..............................46
Carbohydrates ..............................................................................................46
Gene expression of enzymes involved in carbohydrate
metabolism .........................................................................................47
Protein ...........................................................................................................47
Gluten- and casein-free diet intervention ......................................47
Casein- and gluten-free diets: A Cochrane review .......................47
Vitamins .......................................................................................................47
Vitamin D and autism: Hypothesis ................................................47
Vitamin B, B, and magnesium supplements and
2 6
dicarboxylic acids in children with autism....................................48
Minerals ........................................................................................................48
viii Contents
Fatal overdose of magnesium ..........................................................48
Magnesium and vitamin B : A Cochrane review .........................48
6
Supplements .................................................................................................49
Vitamin/mineral supplement ..........................................................49
Lower baseline values normalized with supplements .................50
A systematic review: Folate metabolites, interventions, and
genes ....................................................................................................50
Other .............................................................................................................50
Research on aspartame .....................................................................50
Common diets reported....................................................................51
Digestive enzyme supplementation ................................................51
Substitutive and dietary approaches ..............................................51
Management using micronutrients and medication ....................52
Parental perceptions and treatment choices ..................................52
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) .......................................53
Lipids .............................................................................................................53
Effect of high-dose olive, flax, or fish oil on phospholipids ........53
Omega-3 assessment and effect of supplement on behavior ......53
Carbohydrates ..............................................................................................54
Sugar and hyperactivity ...................................................................54
Vitamins .......................................................................................................55
Vitamin D and ADHD ......................................................................55
Minerals ........................................................................................................55
Zinc and ADHD .................................................................................55
Supplements .................................................................................................55
A review of nutritional supplements by
the Canadian Pediatric Society ........................................................55
Other .............................................................................................................56
Western diet patterns, adolescents, and ADHD ............................56
Self-medication with nicotine ..........................................................56
Conclusions .......................................................................................................56
References .........................................................................................................57
Chapter 5 Genetics, nutrition, and inherited disorders
of metabolism ............................................................................61
Nutrient–gene interaction ...............................................................................61
Vitamins and genetic stability ...................................................................61
Genetic polymorphism and vitamin-dependent enzymes ...................62
Biomarker for genome stability influenced by vitamin and
mineral intake ..............................................................................................63
Alcoholism and genetics: Polymorphism ................................................63
Folate and genetic testing ...........................................................................64
Inherited disorders of metabolism ................................................................64
Phenylketonuria (PKU) ..............................................................................65
Contents ix
Phenylalanine requirement as indicated by
amino acid oxidation .........................................................................65
Screening, diagnosis, signs, and symptoms ..................................65
Treatment ............................................................................................66
Assessment of response to BH4 therapy ........................................67
BH4 and patients with psychiatric illness ......................................68
Lipids .............................................................................................................68
Supplementation with DHA ............................................................68
Plasma DHA and EPA associated with bone mineral density .....68
Minerals ........................................................................................................68
Zinc, selenium, and copper not correlated with
dietary formula ..................................................................................68
Other .............................................................................................................68
Galactosemia ................................................................................................69
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) .........................................................70
Homocystinuria ...........................................................................................70
Additional information on inherited disorders of metabolism ................70
Conclusions .......................................................................................................72
References .........................................................................................................72
Chapter 6 Intellect, cognition, and dementia .........................................75
Introduction ......................................................................................................75
Intellect ..............................................................................................................75
Lipids .............................................................................................................75
Infants and essential fatty acids ......................................................75
Vitamins .......................................................................................................76
Vitamin B and infants .....................................................................76
12
Fluid intelligence: Vegan diets, B , and adolescents ....................76
12
Minerals ........................................................................................................77
Lead toxicity in adults .......................................................................77
Lead toxicity in children ...................................................................77
Lead levels in children and effect on children’s
achievement in school .......................................................................78
Lower threshold for lead exposure .................................................78
Lead in spices from India .................................................................78
Lead in Mexican pottery in Oklahoma ..........................................79
Lead, arsenic, and mercury in Ayurvedic medications ...............79
Iron deficiency ....................................................................................79
Iodine and selenium ..........................................................................80
Zinc ......................................................................................................80
Supplements .................................................................................................81
Vitamin–mineral supplementation and intelligence in
schoolchildren ....................................................................................81
Supplements and academic performance in schoolchildren ......81
x Contents
Cognition ...........................................................................................................82
Lipids .............................................................................................................82
Cognition and essential fatty acids: DHA, EPA, and AA ............82
Aging, cognition, and fish oil supplements: Assessment at
11 and 64 years of age ........................................................................82
DHA and cognition in midlife adults free of
neuropsychiatric disorders ..............................................................83
Carbohydrate ...............................................................................................83
Observation of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia using
magnetic resonance imaging ...........................................................83
Vitamins .......................................................................................................84
Homocysteine, B vitamins, brain atrophy, and
cognitive impairment ........................................................................84
Cognitive impairment and vitamin B ..........................................84
12
Folic acid, B supplements, and cognitive decline .......................84
12
Vitamin D and cognition ..................................................................84
Evidence report by Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality (AHRQ) .................................................................................85
Minerals ........................................................................................................85
Boron, brain function, and cognitive performance ......................85
Free plasma copper vs. bound copper ............................................85
Risks of copper toxicity .....................................................................86
High copper, high saturated fat, and trans fats .............................86
Effect of vitamin C, E, beta-carotene, zinc, and copper on
cognition .............................................................................................86
Other .............................................................................................................86
Resveratrol and cognition ................................................................86
Cognition and diabetes .....................................................................87
Cognitive impairment in diabetes ..................................................87
Dementia ...........................................................................................................87
Preventing Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline:
2010 NIH conference statement .................................................................87
Lipids .............................................................................................................88
Oral doses of DHA and changes in synaptic characteristics
in animals ...........................................................................................88
Vitamins .......................................................................................................89
Alzheimer’s disease and niacin .......................................................89
Alzheimer’s disease and vitamin E ................................................89
Brain atrophy and folate ...................................................................90
Minerals ........................................................................................................90
Dementia and minerals/metals .......................................................90
Amyloid aggregation and toxicity ..................................................90
Dementia and copper ........................................................................90
Copper and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease ..............................91