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Hicham Chatoui · Mohamed Merzouki · Hanane Moummou · Mounir Tilaoui · Nabila Saadaoui · Amina Brhich Editors Nutrition and Human Health Effects and Environmental Impacts Nutrition and Human Health (cid:129) Hicham Chatoui Mohamed Merzouki (cid:129) Hanane Moummou Mounir Tilaoui (cid:129) Nabila Saadaoui Amina Brhich Editors Nutrition and Human Health Effects and Environmental Impacts Editors HichamChatoui MohamedMerzouki LaboratoryofBiologicalEngineering, BiologicalEngineeringLaboratory, FacultyofSciencesandTechniques FacultyofSciencesandTechniques SultanMoulaySlimaneUniversity SultanMoulaySlimaneUniversity BeniMellal,Morocco BeniMellal,Morocco HananeMoummou MounirTilaoui HealthandAgro-IndustryEngineering BiologicalEngineeringLaboratory, Department,E2IM FacultyofSciencesandTechniques PrivateUniversityofMarrakech(UPM) SultanMoulaySlimaneUniversity Marrakech,Morocco BeniMellal,Morocco NabilaSaadaoui AminaBrhich HealthandAgro-IndustryEngineering, LaboratoryofBiologicalEngineering, HighSchoolofEngineeringand FacultyofScienceandTechnology InnovationofMarrakech(E2IM) SultanMoulaySlimaneUniversity PrivateUniversityofMarrakech(UPM) Beni-Mellal,Morocco Marrakech,Morocco ISBN978-3-030-93970-0 ISBN978-3-030-93971-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93971-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland For Morocco, To everyone in the world To Professor Nour Eddine ASKOUR To Professor Jilali EL HAJRI To our parents To our wonderful wives and husbands To our sisters and brothers To our daughters and sons To our friends and colleagues To all the members of our families To the soul of Prof. Mohamed Najimi. We have known you as both a reverent colleague and a very cherished friend. You had helped your teammates, students, and the Department of Biology in a myriad of ways to succeed as you had spared no effort to contribute to the field of scientific research in Morocco and worldwide. For the diverse memories, good and hard times we shared, we say “thank you.” May you rest in peace. Foreword As sustainability continues to be a high concern in the scholarly community, food securityhasbecomeacriticalissue.Foodsuppliesarechallengedbyfactorssuchas toxicity, substandard food processes, difficulties in providing food to struggling populations, and changes to the environment due to climate change. Legislation canprotectpublichealth,butlawmakersmustunderstandthecurrentcomplications facingfoodsecuritytoday. Foodsecuritylegislations andregulationshavelongbeenimpactedbyavariety offactorsincludinglegalissues,nutrition,ecology,andhealth. Theintentofthisbookisto: (cid:129) Improveandcategorizetherealandperceivedfoodsecurityandsafetyissues (cid:129) Provideassistancetothereadertohaveanoverview (cid:129) Defineanddescribelegislationsandinternationalstandardsoffoodsecurity (cid:129) Defineanddescribeenvironmentaleffectsonnutritionandhumanhealth (cid:129) Improvenutritionandhealthoutcomesofvulnerablepopulations (cid:129) Enhanceagro-foodproductionsystems (cid:129) Exploretheimpactsofclimatechangesinagriculture (cid:129) Exposureassessmentofsmartfood (cid:129) Strengthen the institutional capacity to solve problems of food insecurity in sub-Saharancountries. Food security issues have a significance and high priority in sustainable devel- opment goals which are blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future forall. Otherwise, food security is potentially related to climate change impacts on humanhealth,cropproductivity,andfoodavailability. Thisbookisacollectionofinnovativeresearchthatexaminesfoodsafetyissues withregardtointernationalpoliciesaswellassustainabledevelopmentgoals. Featuring coverage of a broad range of topics including ecotoxicology, smart food, and wastewater impact, this book aims to protect and improve the health of vulnerable populations as well as explore food insecurity in the hope of finding ix x Foreword solutions.Thisbookisideallydesignedforuniversitystudents,fromundergraduate to PhD level, professors, researchers, professionals, environmentalists, physio- pathologists,medicaldoctors,epidemiologists,policiesmakers,andsociologists. DivisionofNeuropathology,Miami ArumugamR.Jayakumar VeteransAffairsMedicalCenter,Miami FL/SFVAFRE,Miami,FL,USA Obstetrics,Gynecologyand ReproductiveScience,Universityof Miami,SchoolofMedicine, Miami,FL,USA Acknowledgment First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessingsthroughoutthebookproductiontocompletetheresearchsuccessfully. ThankstoeveryoneonSpringerNature’spublishingteam. WewouldliketoexpressourdeepandsinceregratitudetoMr.MohamedKnidiri, AcademicPresidentofthePrivateUniversityofMarrakech(UPM),forthequalityof hisadvice andcontinuous encouragement,andforhisdynamism,vision,sincerity, andmotivationwhichhavedeeplyinspiredus.Itisagreathonorforustohavethe chancetoworkwithhim. Our sincere thanks to the Private University of Marrakech (UPM) and to the SultanMoulaySlimaneUniversityofBéniMellal. Additionally,noneofthiswouldhavebeenpossiblewithoutthecontributionof differentparties.Weareeternallygratefultotheauthorsofallchaptersofourbook. Wewouldliketoexpressourdeepestappreciationfortheirseriousness,persistence, andpatienceduringallthestepsofthebookprocess. We also want to acknowledge all ourinstitutions, which have made ourprofes- sionallifesuchapleasure. Wegratefullyacknowledgethetime andexpertisedevotedtotherevisionofall thechaptersofourbookbyreviewers,whodedicatedtheireffortsfreelytoreviewits differentchapters,withattentiontothescientificandlinguisticaspects. We should not forget all the scientists and authors of the numerous papers and reviewscitedinthisbook. xi Editorial Advisory Board (cid:129) ANOUAR Youssef, Research Director at INSERM, University of Rouen Nor- mandy,France. (cid:129) JAYAKUMAR Arumugam Radhakrishnan, Scientist/Director of Neuropathol- ogyUnit/AssociateProfessoratUniversityofMiami,USA. (cid:129) BOUR Abdellatif, President of the Moroccan Society of Nutrition, Faculty of Sciences,IbnTofaïlUniversity,Kenitra,Morocco. (cid:129) CHIGR Fatiha,HeadofBiologyDepartment,FacultyofSciencesandTechnol- ogy,SultanMoulaySlimaneUniversity,BeniMellalMorocco. (cid:129) ELHIBAOmar,ProfessorandResearchDirector,FacultyofSciences,Chouaib DoukkaliUniversity,ElJadida,Morocco. (cid:129) EL KHARRAZ Jauad, Heaf of Research at the Middle East Desalination ResearchCenter(MEDRC),Muscat,TheSultanateOfOman. (cid:129) GAMRANI Halima, Director of the Neuroscience Laboratory, Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Environment Team, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi AyyadUniversity,Marrakech,Morocco. (cid:129) KAHIMEKholoud,ProfessorandResearchDirector,HigherSchoolofTechnol- ogy,CadiAyyadUniversity,Essaouira,Morocco. (cid:129) NAJIMI Mohamed, Director of the Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty ofSciencesandTechnologyofBeniMellal,SultanMoulaySlimaneUniversity, Morocco. (cid:129) NEBDIHamid,DirectorofLaboratoryInnovationinSciences,Technologiesand Modeling(ISTM),FacultyofScience.ChouaïbDoukkaliUniversity,ELJadida, Morocco. xiii