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NUTRITION AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS FOR HEALTHY AGING This page intentionally left blank NUTRITION AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS FOR HEALTHY AGING Edited by Ronald Ross Watson University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, and School of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-805376-8 For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Nikki Levy Acquisition Editor: Megan Ball Editorial Project Manager: Billie Jean Fernandez Production Project Manager: Caroline Johnson Designer: Victoria Pearson Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India Contents List of Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii Preface .......................................................................................................................................................xv Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................................................xvii I OVERVIEW HEALTH AND AGING 1. Impact of Nutrition on Healthy Aging PRABHAKAR VISSAVAJJHALA Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Dietary Fiber ......................................................................................................................................................................................................3 GI and Gut Microbiota .....................................................................................................................................................................................4 The Role of SCFAs in Health and Disease .....................................................................................................................................................5 Ongoing and Future Directions ........................................................................................................................................................................8 References ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................8 2. Aging and the Recovery of Skin Function and Appearance ADELE SPARAVIGNA Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Skin Aging ......................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Diet and Skin Aging .......................................................................................................................................................................................12 The Mediterranean Diet .................................................................................................................................................................................14 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................15 3. Changes in Nutritional Needs With Aging TERESA JUAREZ-CEDILLO Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................17 Age-Related Changes Affect Nutrition .........................................................................................................................................................17 Changes in Nutritional Needs ........................................................................................................................................................................18 Using Supplements .........................................................................................................................................................................................19 Assessing Nutritional Status ...........................................................................................................................................................................20 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................21 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................21 4. Sugars, Glucocorticoids, and the Hypothalamic Controls of Appetite THOMAS W. CASTONGUAY AND SAMANTHA HUDGINS Overview .........................................................................................................................................................................................................23 The Lipogenesis Hypothesis ...........................................................................................................................................................................24 Sugar Solutions and the Hypothalamus .........................................................................................................................................................29 Sugars and the Hypothalamus: Evidence From Humans ...............................................................................................................................31 Conclusions and Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................32 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................32 v vi CONTENTS 5. Appetite Regulation in Healthy Aging STIJN SOENEN AND IAN CHAPMAN Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................35 Reduced Appetite and Energy Intake During Aging .....................................................................................................................................35 Less Suppression of Appetite and Energy Intake in Older People ................................................................................................................36 Gastrointestinal Regulation of Appetite and Energy Intake .........................................................................................................................36 Appetite Regulation in Healthy Older Subjects ............................................................................................................................................37 Appetite Regulation in Malnourished Older Subjects ..................................................................................................................................38 Loss of Body Weight During Aging................................................................................................................................................................38 Loss of Muscle Mass During Aging ................................................................................................................................................................39 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................39 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................40 6. Human Microbiome and Aging SEEMA JOSHI AND MELISSA NAVINSKEY Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................43 Human Microbiome ........................................................................................................................................................................................43 Microbiome Through the Human Life Cycle ................................................................................................................................................44 Microbiome and the Immune Response.........................................................................................................................................................44 Impact of Diet on Microbiota.........................................................................................................................................................................45 Therapeutic Interventions for Microbial Manipulation ................................................................................................................................45 Implications for Health and Disease ..............................................................................................................................................................46 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................49 Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................................................................................49 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................49 7. Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Role of Obesity and Nutrients MANISHA J. OZA, MAYURESH S. GARUD, ANIL BHANUDAS GAIKWAD AND YOGESH A. KULKARNI Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................53 Pathophysiology of Fibromyalgia ....................................................................................................................................................................53 Fibromyalgia and Obesity ...............................................................................................................................................................................54 Symptoms of FMS and Obesity ......................................................................................................................................................................55 Role of Diet and Micronutrients in Fibromyalgia .........................................................................................................................................56 Summary ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................59 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................59 8. Aging and Gait KUNAL SINGHAL AND JEFFREY B. CASEBOLT Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................65 Mechanics of Changes in Gait .......................................................................................................................................................................65 Changes in Body Structure and Physiological Functions ..............................................................................................................................69 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................71 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................72 9. Assessment of Nutritional Status in the Elderly TERESA KOKOT, EWA MALCZYK, EWA ZIÓŁKO, MAŁGORZATA MUC-WIERZGOŃ AND EDYTA FATYGA Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................75 Medical History With a Particular Emphasis on the Nutritional History and Physical Examination ........................................................75 Anthropometric Tests .....................................................................................................................................................................................76 Biochemical Tests ............................................................................................................................................................................................78 Survey Methods...............................................................................................................................................................................................79 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................80 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................80 CONTENTS vii 10. Eating Capability Assessments in Elderly Populations LAURA LAGUNA, ANWESHA SARKAR AND JIANSHE CHEN Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................83 Eating Capability: Definition and Constituents ............................................................................................................................................84 Hand Force Assessments .................................................................................................................................................................................86 Actions in the Oral Cavity: Mastication and Swallowing ............................................................................................................................87 Tongue Capability Assessment .......................................................................................................................................................................90 Swallowing Capability Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................92 Assessing Sensing Capability ..........................................................................................................................................................................93 The Eating Capability Concept in Use ..........................................................................................................................................................93 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................................................................................................96 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................96 II NUTRIENTS (VITAMINS AND MINERALS) IN HEALTH IN AGING ADULTS 11. Healthy Food Choice and Dietary Behavior in the Elderly CHRISTINE BROMBACH, MARIANNE LANDMANN, KATRIN ZIESEMER, SILKE BARTSCH AND GERTRUD WINKLER Why Do We Eat What We Eat? ...................................................................................................................................................................101 Determinants of Dietary Behavior................................................................................................................................................................102 Design and Methods .....................................................................................................................................................................................104 Discussion and Applications .........................................................................................................................................................................107 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................108 12. Vitamin D and Diabetes in Elderly People NICOLA VERONESE, ENZO MANZATO AND GIUSEPPE SERGI Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................111 Potential Mechanisms and Pathways for an Effect of Vitamin D in Diabetes ...........................................................................................111 Epidemiological Evidence of Hypovitaminosis D as a Risk Factor for Diabetes ........................................................................................112 Vitamin D and Diabetes in the Elderly ........................................................................................................................................................113 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................115 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................115 13. Vitamin D and the Elderly Orthopedic Patient GERRIT STEFFEN MAIER, ANDREAS ALOIS KURTH, KONSTANTIN HORAS, KRISTINA KOLBOW, JÖRN BENGT SEEGER, KLAUS EDGAR ROTH, DJORDJE LAZOVIC AND UWE MAUS Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................117 Vitamin D ......................................................................................................................................................................................................117 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................121 14. Vitamins and Minerals in Older Adults: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Deficiency JENNIFER DOLEY Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................125 Needs .............................................................................................................................................................................................................126 Causes of Deficiency .....................................................................................................................................................................................127 Diagnosis of Deficiency .................................................................................................................................................................................134 Treatment ......................................................................................................................................................................................................135 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................137 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................137 viii CONTENTS 15. The Role of B Group Vitamins and Choline in Cognition and Brain Aging FRANCESCO BONETTI, GLORIA BROMBO AND GIOVANNI ZULIANI Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................139 Role of B Group Vitamins and Choline in Normal Brain Functioning and Neuroprotection ..................................................................140 The Homocysteine Cycle: Biochemistry and Clinical Implications ...........................................................................................................149 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................152 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................153 16. Vitamin B Deficiency in the Elderly 12 CHIT WAI WONG Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................159 Vitamin B Absorption ................................................................................................................................................................................159 12 Vitamin B Metabolism and Function ........................................................................................................................................................160 12 Causes of Vitamin B Deficiency in the Elderly .........................................................................................................................................161 12 Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin B Deficiency .....................................................................................................................................162 12 Diagnosis of Vitamin B Deficiency ............................................................................................................................................................163 12 Vitamin B Deficiencies in the Institutionalized Elderly ...........................................................................................................................164 12 Therapeutic Management .............................................................................................................................................................................164 Screening for Vitamin B Deficiency in the Elderly ..................................................................................................................................165 12 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................165 17. Vitamin E Isoform-Specific Functions in Allergic Inflammation and Asthma JOAN M. COOK-MILLS Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................167 Vitamin E Isoforms, Sources, and Functions ................................................................................................................................................167 Asthma and Allergic Lung Inflammation ....................................................................................................................................................169 Clinical Studies of Asthma and Tocopherol Isoforms .................................................................................................................................170 Comparing Tocopherol Doses in Humans and Preclinical Mouse Studies .................................................................................................173 Alpha-Tocopherol and Gamma-Tocopherol Regulate Allergic Inflammation and Airway Hyper-responsiveness in Preclinical Adult Animal Studies.......................................................................................................................................................173 Tocopherol Regulation of Leukocyte Recruitment ......................................................................................................................................175 Maternal Tocopherols and Offspring Development of Allergy ...................................................................................................................175 Alpha-Tocopherol and Gamma-Tocopherol: Opposing Functions in Other Chronic Inflammatory Diseases .........................................181 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................181 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................182 III DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND HERBS, FUNCTIONAL FOODS, IN HEALTH IN AGING ADULTS 18. Polyphenols and Intestinal Health KRISTINA B. MARTINEZ, JESSICA D. MACKERT AND MICHAEL K. MCINTOSH Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................191 Role of Gut Microbiota in Intestinal and Systemic Health ........................................................................................................................191 Classes, Subclasses, Examples, and Sources of Dietary Polyphenols ...........................................................................................................194 Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Properties of Polyphenols ..................................................................................................................199 Influence of Polyphenols on Macro- and Micronutrient Bioavailability ....................................................................................................200 Polyphenol Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization ....................................................................................................................................200 Polyphenol–Microbe Interactions ................................................................................................................................................................202 Intestinal Health Benefits of Polyphenols ....................................................................................................................................................202 Conclusions and Implications ......................................................................................................................................................................204 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................205 CONTENTS ix 19. Nootropics, Functional Foods, and Dietary Patterns for Prevention of Cognitive Decline FRANCESCO BONETTI, GLORIA BROMBO AND GIOVANNI ZULIANI Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................211 Dietary Patterns and Complete Nutritional Plans With Cognitive Implications ......................................................................................212 Micronutrients With Possible Effects on Cognition ....................................................................................................................................213 Foods, Herbs, Spices, and Dietary Complements With Functional Properties in Terms of Neuroprotection and Possible Cognitive Enhancement ....................................................................................................................................................220 Medical Foods ...............................................................................................................................................................................................224 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................225 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................225 20. Chalcones Target the Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Signaling Pathway for Cancer Chemoprevention MAŁGORZATA KŁÓSEK, ANDRZEJ KAROL KUROPATNICKI, EWELINA SZLISZKA, ILONA KORZONEK-SZLACHETA AND WOJCIECH KRÓL Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................233 Characteristics of TRAIL and Apoptosis Induced by TRAIL ....................................................................................................................234 Characteristics of Chalcones ........................................................................................................................................................................236 Chalcone Potential for Enhancing TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Cells .....................................................................................239 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................241 21. Anti-inflammatory Dietary Ingredients, Medicinal Plants, and Herbs Exert Beneficial Health Effects in Aging KIRAN S. PANICKAR AND DENNIS E. JEWELL Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................245 Renal Function ..............................................................................................................................................................................................246 Cognitive Function .......................................................................................................................................................................................247 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................251 Conflict of Interest ........................................................................................................................................................................................251 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................251 22. Calorie Restriction Mimetics From Functional Foods: Impact on Promoting a Healthy Life Span WAI YAN SUN AND YU WANG Introduction: Calorie Restriction .................................................................................................................................................................257 CRMs in Mediating Metabolic Pathways of Calorie Restriction ................................................................................................................259 Targeting SIRT-1 for CRM Discovery and Development ...........................................................................................................................261 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives .........................................................................................................................................................264 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................265 23. Nutraceuticals for Healthy Skin Aging ELAINE CRISTINA FARIA ABRAHÃO MACHADO, LETÍCIA AMBROSANO, RENAN LAGE, BEATRICE MARTINEZ ZUGAIB ABDALLA AND ADILSON COSTA Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................273 Oxidative Stress ............................................................................................................................................................................................273 Beta-Carotene ...............................................................................................................................................................................................274 Biotin .............................................................................................................................................................................................................274 Coenzyme Q10 or Ubiquinone .....................................................................................................................................................................274 Citrulline–Arginine ......................................................................................................................................................................................274 Isoflavone Soy Beans .....................................................................................................................................................................................275 L-carnosine ....................................................................................................................................................................................................275 Lycopene ........................................................................................................................................................................................................275 Lutein ............................................................................................................................................................................................................275

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Nutrition and Functional Foods for Healthy Aging aims to equip anyone studying geriatric nutrition or working with aging adults with the latest scientific reviews of critical topics. The major objective of this book is to review, in detail, the health problems of the aged and how normal food, lifest
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NUTRITION AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS FOR HEALTHY AGING This page intentionally left blank NUTRITION AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS FOR HEALTHY AGING Edited by Ronald Ross Watson University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, and School of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-805376-8 For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Nikki Levy Acquisition Editor: Megan Ball Editorial Project Manager: Billie Jean Fernandez Production Project Manager: Caroline Johnson Designer: Victoria Pearson Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India Contents List of Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii Preface .......................................................................................................................................................xv Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................................................xvii I OVERVIEW HEALTH AND AGING 1. Impact of Nutrition on Healthy Aging PRABHAKAR VISSAVAJJHALA Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Dietary Fiber ......................................................................................................................................................................................................3 GI and Gut Microbiota .....................................................................................................................................................................................4 The Role of SCFAs in Health and Disease .....................................................................................................................................................5 Ongoing and Future Directions ........................................................................................................................................................................8 References ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................8 2. Aging and the Recovery of Skin Function and Appearance ADELE SPARAVIGNA Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Skin Aging ......................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Diet and Skin Aging .......................................................................................................................................................................................12 The Mediterranean Diet .................................................................................................................................................................................14 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................15 3. Changes in Nutritional Needs With Aging TERESA JUAREZ-CEDILLO Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................17 Age-Related Changes Affect Nutrition .........................................................................................................................................................17 Changes in Nutritional Needs ........................................................................................................................................................................18 Using Supplements .........................................................................................................................................................................................19 Assessing Nutritional Status ...........................................................................................................................................................................20 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................21 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................21 4. Sugars, Glucocorticoids, and the Hypothalamic Controls of Appetite THOMAS W. CASTONGUAY AND SAMANTHA HUDGINS Overview .........................................................................................................................................................................................................23 The Lipogenesis Hypothesis ...........................................................................................................................................................................24 Sugar Solutions and the Hypothalamus .........................................................................................................................................................29 Sugars and the Hypothalamus: Evidence From Humans ...............................................................................................................................31 Conclusions and Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................32 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................32 v vi CONTENTS 5. Appetite Regulation in Healthy Aging STIJN SOENEN AND IAN CHAPMAN Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................35 Reduced Appetite and Energy Intake During Aging .....................................................................................................................................35 Less Suppression of Appetite and Energy Intake in Older People ................................................................................................................36 Gastrointestinal Regulation of Appetite and Energy Intake .........................................................................................................................36 Appetite Regulation in Healthy Older Subjects ............................................................................................................................................37 Appetite Regulation in Malnourished Older Subjects ..................................................................................................................................38 Loss of Body Weight During Aging................................................................................................................................................................38 Loss of Muscle Mass During Aging ................................................................................................................................................................39 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................39 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................40 6. Human Microbiome and Aging SEEMA JOSHI AND MELISSA NAVINSKEY Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................43 Human Microbiome ........................................................................................................................................................................................43 Microbiome Through the Human Life Cycle ................................................................................................................................................44 Microbiome and the Immune Response.........................................................................................................................................................44 Impact of Diet on Microbiota.........................................................................................................................................................................45 Therapeutic Interventions for Microbial Manipulation ................................................................................................................................45 Implications for Health and Disease ..............................................................................................................................................................46 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................49 Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................................................................................49 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................49 7. Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Role of Obesity and Nutrients MANISHA J. OZA, MAYURESH S. GARUD, ANIL BHANUDAS GAIKWAD AND YOGESH A. KULKARNI Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................53 Pathophysiology of Fibromyalgia ....................................................................................................................................................................53 Fibromyalgia and Obesity ...............................................................................................................................................................................54 Symptoms of FMS and Obesity ......................................................................................................................................................................55 Role of Diet and Micronutrients in Fibromyalgia .........................................................................................................................................56 Summary ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................59 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................59 8. Aging and Gait KUNAL SINGHAL AND JEFFREY B. CASEBOLT Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................65 Mechanics of Changes in Gait .......................................................................................................................................................................65 Changes in Body Structure and Physiological Functions ..............................................................................................................................69 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................71 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................72 9. Assessment of Nutritional Status in the Elderly TERESA KOKOT, EWA MALCZYK, EWA ZIÓŁKO, MAŁGORZATA MUC-WIERZGOŃ AND EDYTA FATYGA Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................75 Medical History With a Particular Emphasis on the Nutritional History and Physical Examination ........................................................75 Anthropometric Tests .....................................................................................................................................................................................76 Biochemical Tests ............................................................................................................................................................................................78 Survey Methods...............................................................................................................................................................................................79 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................80 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................80 CONTENTS vii 10. Eating Capability Assessments in Elderly Populations LAURA LAGUNA, ANWESHA SARKAR AND JIANSHE CHEN Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................83 Eating Capability: Definition and Constituents ............................................................................................................................................84 Hand Force Assessments .................................................................................................................................................................................86 Actions in the Oral Cavity: Mastication and Swallowing ............................................................................................................................87 Tongue Capability Assessment .......................................................................................................................................................................90 Swallowing Capability Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................92 Assessing Sensing Capability ..........................................................................................................................................................................93 The Eating Capability Concept in Use ..........................................................................................................................................................93 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................................................................................................96 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................96 II NUTRIENTS (VITAMINS AND MINERALS) IN HEALTH IN AGING ADULTS 11. Healthy Food Choice and Dietary Behavior in the Elderly CHRISTINE BROMBACH, MARIANNE LANDMANN, KATRIN ZIESEMER, SILKE BARTSCH AND GERTRUD WINKLER Why Do We Eat What We Eat? ...................................................................................................................................................................101 Determinants of Dietary Behavior................................................................................................................................................................102 Design and Methods .....................................................................................................................................................................................104 Discussion and Applications .........................................................................................................................................................................107 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................108 12. Vitamin D and Diabetes in Elderly People NICOLA VERONESE, ENZO MANZATO AND GIUSEPPE SERGI Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................111 Potential Mechanisms and Pathways for an Effect of Vitamin D in Diabetes ...........................................................................................111 Epidemiological Evidence of Hypovitaminosis D as a Risk Factor for Diabetes ........................................................................................112 Vitamin D and Diabetes in the Elderly ........................................................................................................................................................113 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................115 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................115 13. Vitamin D and the Elderly Orthopedic Patient GERRIT STEFFEN MAIER, ANDREAS ALOIS KURTH, KONSTANTIN HORAS, KRISTINA KOLBOW, JÖRN BENGT SEEGER, KLAUS EDGAR ROTH, DJORDJE LAZOVIC AND UWE MAUS Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................117 Vitamin D ......................................................................................................................................................................................................117 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................121 14. Vitamins and Minerals in Older Adults: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Deficiency JENNIFER DOLEY Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................125 Needs .............................................................................................................................................................................................................126 Causes of Deficiency .....................................................................................................................................................................................127 Diagnosis of Deficiency .................................................................................................................................................................................134 Treatment ......................................................................................................................................................................................................135 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................137 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................137 viii CONTENTS 15. The Role of B Group Vitamins and Choline in Cognition and Brain Aging FRANCESCO BONETTI, GLORIA BROMBO AND GIOVANNI ZULIANI Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................139 Role of B Group Vitamins and Choline in Normal Brain Functioning and Neuroprotection ..................................................................140 The Homocysteine Cycle: Biochemistry and Clinical Implications ...........................................................................................................149 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................152 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................153 16. Vitamin B Deficiency in the Elderly 12 CHIT WAI WONG Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................159 Vitamin B Absorption ................................................................................................................................................................................159 12 Vitamin B Metabolism and Function ........................................................................................................................................................160 12 Causes of Vitamin B Deficiency in the Elderly .........................................................................................................................................161 12 Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin B Deficiency .....................................................................................................................................162 12 Diagnosis of Vitamin B Deficiency ............................................................................................................................................................163 12 Vitamin B Deficiencies in the Institutionalized Elderly ...........................................................................................................................164 12 Therapeutic Management .............................................................................................................................................................................164 Screening for Vitamin B Deficiency in the Elderly ..................................................................................................................................165 12 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................165 17. Vitamin E Isoform-Specific Functions in Allergic Inflammation and Asthma JOAN M. COOK-MILLS Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................167 Vitamin E Isoforms, Sources, and Functions ................................................................................................................................................167 Asthma and Allergic Lung Inflammation ....................................................................................................................................................169 Clinical Studies of Asthma and Tocopherol Isoforms .................................................................................................................................170 Comparing Tocopherol Doses in Humans and Preclinical Mouse Studies .................................................................................................173 Alpha-Tocopherol and Gamma-Tocopherol Regulate Allergic Inflammation and Airway Hyper-responsiveness in Preclinical Adult Animal Studies.......................................................................................................................................................173 Tocopherol Regulation of Leukocyte Recruitment ......................................................................................................................................175 Maternal Tocopherols and Offspring Development of Allergy ...................................................................................................................175 Alpha-Tocopherol and Gamma-Tocopherol: Opposing Functions in Other Chronic Inflammatory Diseases .........................................181 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................181 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................182 III DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND HERBS, FUNCTIONAL FOODS, IN HEALTH IN AGING ADULTS 18. Polyphenols and Intestinal Health KRISTINA B. MARTINEZ, JESSICA D. MACKERT AND MICHAEL K. MCINTOSH Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................191 Role of Gut Microbiota in Intestinal and Systemic Health ........................................................................................................................191 Classes, Subclasses, Examples, and Sources of Dietary Polyphenols ...........................................................................................................194 Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Properties of Polyphenols ..................................................................................................................199 Influence of Polyphenols on Macro- and Micronutrient Bioavailability ....................................................................................................200 Polyphenol Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization ....................................................................................................................................200 Polyphenol–Microbe Interactions ................................................................................................................................................................202 Intestinal Health Benefits of Polyphenols ....................................................................................................................................................202 Conclusions and Implications ......................................................................................................................................................................204 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................205 CONTENTS ix 19. Nootropics, Functional Foods, and Dietary Patterns for Prevention of Cognitive Decline FRANCESCO BONETTI, GLORIA BROMBO AND GIOVANNI ZULIANI Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................211 Dietary Patterns and Complete Nutritional Plans With Cognitive Implications ......................................................................................212 Micronutrients With Possible Effects on Cognition ....................................................................................................................................213 Foods, Herbs, Spices, and Dietary Complements With Functional Properties in Terms of Neuroprotection and Possible Cognitive Enhancement ....................................................................................................................................................220 Medical Foods ...............................................................................................................................................................................................224 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................225 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................225 20. Chalcones Target the Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Signaling Pathway for Cancer Chemoprevention MAŁGORZATA KŁÓSEK, ANDRZEJ KAROL KUROPATNICKI, EWELINA SZLISZKA, ILONA KORZONEK-SZLACHETA AND WOJCIECH KRÓL Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................233 Characteristics of TRAIL and Apoptosis Induced by TRAIL ....................................................................................................................234 Characteristics of Chalcones ........................................................................................................................................................................236 Chalcone Potential for Enhancing TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Cells .....................................................................................239 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................241 21. Anti-inflammatory Dietary Ingredients, Medicinal Plants, and Herbs Exert Beneficial Health Effects in Aging KIRAN S. PANICKAR AND DENNIS E. JEWELL Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................245 Renal Function ..............................................................................................................................................................................................246 Cognitive Function .......................................................................................................................................................................................247 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................251 Conflict of Interest ........................................................................................................................................................................................251 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................251 22. Calorie Restriction Mimetics From Functional Foods: Impact on Promoting a Healthy Life Span WAI YAN SUN AND YU WANG Introduction: Calorie Restriction .................................................................................................................................................................257 CRMs in Mediating Metabolic Pathways of Calorie Restriction ................................................................................................................259 Targeting SIRT-1 for CRM Discovery and Development ...........................................................................................................................261 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives .........................................................................................................................................................264 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................265 23. Nutraceuticals for Healthy Skin Aging ELAINE CRISTINA FARIA ABRAHÃO MACHADO, LETÍCIA AMBROSANO, RENAN LAGE, BEATRICE MARTINEZ ZUGAIB ABDALLA AND ADILSON COSTA Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................273 Oxidative Stress ............................................................................................................................................................................................273 Beta-Carotene ...............................................................................................................................................................................................274 Biotin .............................................................................................................................................................................................................274 Coenzyme Q10 or Ubiquinone .....................................................................................................................................................................274 Citrulline–Arginine ......................................................................................................................................................................................274 Isoflavone Soy Beans .....................................................................................................................................................................................275 L-carnosine ....................................................................................................................................................................................................275 Lycopene ........................................................................................................................................................................................................275 Lutein ............................................................................................................................................................................................................275

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Nutrition and Functional Foods for Healthy Aging aims to equip anyone studying geriatric nutrition or working with aging adults with the latest scientific reviews of critical topics. The major objective of this book is to review, in detail, the health problems of the aged and how normal food, lifest
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