Nutrition and Feeding of Fish

269 Pages·1998·13.97 MB·English

by  Tom Lovell (auth.)

NUTRITION AND
FEEDING OF FISH
Second Edition
NUTRITION AND
FEEDING OF FISH
Second Edition
edited by
Tom Lovell
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4613-7226-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-4909-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4909-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available
from the Library of Congress.
Copyright © 1998 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 2nd edition 1998
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo
copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher.
Printed on acid-free paper.
To My Graduate Students
CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS x
PREFACE xi
1 THE CONCEPT OF FEEDING FISH 1
EVOLUTION OF AQUACULTURE 1
LEVELS OF AQUACULTURE 2
COMPARISON OF FEEDING FISH AND LAND ANIMALS 5
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FISH AS A HUMAN FOOD 9
2 DIETARY REQUIREMENTS 13
ENERGY 13
PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS 23
VITAMINS 30
ESSENTIAL LIPIDS 58
MINERALS 61
3 DIGESTION AND METABOLISM 71
DIGESTION 71
MEASURING NUTRIENT BIOAVAILABILITY BY DIGESTION TRIALS 76
NET RETENTION OF MINERALS 78
BIOAVAILABILITY BY GROWTH TRIALS 81
METABOLISM 81
RATE OF METABOLISM (OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) IN FISH 89
4 NONNUTRIENT DIET COMPONENTS 95
TOXINS AND ANTIMETABOLITES 95
FIBER 102
PIGMENTS 102
DIET ADDITIVES 103
ACCIDENTAL CONTAMINANTS 106
viii
5 BIOAVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS 109
DEFINING BIOAV A ILABILITY 109
DETERMINING BIOAV A ILABILITY 110
BIOAVA ILABILITY OF MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS 111
BIOAVAILABILITY OF VITAMIN SOURCES 113
6 NUTRITION AND FISH HEALTH 115
LIPIDS 115
VITAMINS 116
MINERALS 117
MYCOTOXINS 118
DIETARY IMMUNOSTIMULANTS 118
FEED DEPRIVATION 118
MEGADOSES OF NUTRIENTS AND DISEASE RESISTANCE 120
7 FISH NUTRITION AND FEEDING EXPERIMENTS 123
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT STUDIES 123
PRACTICAL ENVIRONMENT STUDIES 130
8 FEED FORMULATION AND PROCESSING 135
NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 135
NONNUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 136
PRACTICAL FEED INGREDIENTS 136
FEED FORMULATION 142
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 145
QUALITY ASSURANCE 147
FEED TYPES 149
9 FEEDING CHANNEL CATFISH 153
FEEDING PRACTICES 155
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS 164
NATURAL FOOD 171
EFFECT OF FEEDS ON SENSORY QUALITY OF PROCESSED CATFISH 172
COMPENSATORY GROWTH 173
10 FEEDING SALMON AND TROUT 175
GENERAL CULTURE METHODS 179
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 179
FEED FORMULATION 186
FEEDING PRACTICES 192
ix
11 FEEDING HYBRID STRIPED BASS 199
GENERAL CULTURE METHODS 200
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 204
PRACTICAL DIET FORMULATION 209
FEEDING PRACTICES 210
EFFECTS OF DIET ON SENSORY QUALITIES OF PROCESSED FISH 211
12 FEEDING TILAPIAS 215
CULTURE PRACTICES 216
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 219
FEEDS AND FEEDING 222
13 FEEDING PENAEID SHRIMP 227
CULTURE PRACTICES 228
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 232
FEEDS AND FEEDING 240
APPENDICES
A COMPOSITION OF FEED INGREDIENTS 249
B COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF SPECIES 263
INDEX 265
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ronald W. Hardy, Ph.D.
Director, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station
University of Idaho
Hagennan, Idaho
Meng H. Li, Ph. D.
Thad Cochran National Wannwater Aquaculture Center
Mississippi State University
Stoneville, Mississippi
Chhom E. Lim, Ph. D.
USDA, ARS, Fish Diseases and Parasites Laboratory
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
Edwin H. Robinson, Ph. D.
Thad Cochran National Wannwater Aquaculture Center
Mississippi State University
Stoneville, Mississippi
Carl D. Webster, Ph. D.
Aquaculture Research Center
Kentucky State University
Frankfort, Kentucky
PREFACE
Aquaculture is now recognized as a viable and profitable enterprise worldwide. As
aquaculture technology has evolved, the push toward higher yields and faster growth
has involved the enhancement or replacement of natural foods with prepared diets.
In many aquaculture operations today, feed accounts for more than one-half the
variable operating cost. Therefore, knowledge on nutrition and practical feeding of
fish is essential to successful aquaculture.
This book was not written exclusively for scientists but for students,
practicing nutritionists, and aquaculturists. It covers the known nutrient
requirements and deficiency effects for different fishes, and digestion and metabolism
of nutrients and energy. It discusses nutrient sources and preparation of practical
and research feeds. It gives direction for conducting fish nutrition and feeding
experiments. Feeding practices for salmonids, channel catfish, tilapias, shrimps and
hybrid striped bass are presented.
Since the first edition of this book was printed, the National Research
Council of the National Academy of Sciences has revised the nutrient requirements
for fish. These revisions are in the present edition. Other additions to this revised
edition are chapters on nutrition and fish health, and bioavailability of nutrients.
Each original chapter has been meticulously revised and updated with new
information. Aquaculture is a dynamic area and new technologies are being
introduced continuously; therefore, some of the material discussed in this revised
edition may become obsolete quickly. Nonetheless, the material presented has been
thoughtfully selected and updated so that it will be of maximum use to persons
whose interests range from general aquaculture to animal nutrition to feed
manufacture.
The author deeply appreciates the assistance given by the five contributing
authors, each being pre-eminent in the area he discussed.
1
THE CONCEPT OF FEEDING FISH
EVOLUTION OF AQUACULTURE
Shell (1993) defines aquaculture as "the planned and purposeful intervention in the
production of aquatic animals," and explains that the underlying reason for the
evolution of aquaculture was to reduce the uncertainty and unpredictability of
production in natural systems. One of the major driving forces in human
development has been the effort to seek ways to reduce uncertainties in food supply.
This was an obvious reason for domesticating plants and animals some 10,000
years ago. In contrast to terrestrial animals, there has been virtually no
domestication of aquatic animals; there are few recognized varieties, strains, or
breeds of aquatic animals. Historically, as the demand for aquatic animals
increased, people simply harvested more or harvested more efficiently from natural
waters. This trend generally persisted until the latter half of the 20th century at
which point the harvest of fish from wild populations could no longer keep pace
with the world demand for fish. It became apparent that significant increases in the
supply of aquatic animals could only be achieved by direct intervention in the
production process, thus, through aquaculture.
Although aquaculture made its greatest advancements in the latter part of
the 20th century, fish farming is believed to have been practiced in China as early as
2000 B. c., and a classical account of the culture of common carp was written by
Fan Lei in 475 B.c. (Villaluz 1953). The Romans built fish ponds during the first
century A.D. and during the Middle Ages fish ponds for carp farming were built
throughout Eastern Europe by religious men (Lovell, Shell, and Smitherman 1978).
Carp farming in Eastern European countries was popular in the 12th and 13th
centuries. In Southeast Asia, fish ponds were believed to have evolved naturally
along with salt-making in the coastal areas; the salt beds were utilized to grow
milkfish during the rainy season. This practice was originated by the Malay natives
before A.D. 1400 (Schuster 1952). Early interest in fish culture in the United States
was carried over from England before 1800 and was concentrated on propagation and
culture of trout and salmon.