Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance: Muscle Building, Endurance, and Strength PDF
Preview Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance: Muscle Building, Endurance, and Strength
NUTRITION AND ENHANCED SPORTS PERFORMANCE This pageintentionallyleftblank NUTRITION AND ENHANCED SPORTS PERFORMANCE MUSCLE BUILDING, ENDURANCE, AND STRENGTH Edited by D B , PhD, MACN, CNS, MAIChE EBASIS AGCHI DepartmentofPharmacologicalandPharmaceuticalSciences UniversityofHoustonCollegeofPharmacy Houston,TX,USA S N , PhD REEJAYAN AIR UniversityofWyoming SchoolofPharmacy Laramie,WY,USA C K. S , PhD, FACN, FACSM HANDAN EN CenterforRegenerativeMedicine&Cell-BasedTherapies TheOhioStateUniversityWexnerMedicalCenter Columbus,OH,USA AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier Academic Press isan imprint of Elsevier 32 JamestownRoad, LondonNW1 7BY, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite1800,San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA Copyright r 2013 ElsevierInc. All rights reserved Medicine isan ever-changing field. 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Becauseof rapid advancesin the medical sciences, in particular,independentverification ofdiagnoses and drug dosages shouldbe made British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Acataloguerecordfor thisbook is availablefrom the BritishLibrary Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Acatalog record for this book isavailablefrom theLibraryof Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-396454-0 For informationonallAcademic Presspublications visit our websiteatelsevierdirect.com Typesetby MPS Limited, Chennai, India www.adi-mps.com Printed and bound in United States ofAmerica 13 1415 16 17 10 98 7 6 54 3 2 1 Dedication Dedicated to myBeloved Nephew Krishnendu Bagchi This page intentionallyleftblank Contents Preface xv II List of Contributors xvii EXERCISE AND HUMAN HEALTH I 4. Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease NUTRITION AND HUMAN HEALTH C.TISSAKAPPAGODAANDEZRAA.AMSTERDAM Introduction 45 1. Nutritional Supplementation in Health and Sports PhysiologicalResponsesoftheCardiovascularSystemto Performance Exercise 45 ExerciseandHealth 48 SIDNEYJ.STOHSANDEDETHK.KITCHENS HowMuchExerciseisEnough?[36] 52 Introduction 3 AretheBenefitsofExerciseUniversal? 52 Definitions 3 References 52 NutritionalSupplementRecommendationsfor Athletes 4 5. Resistance Training and Physical Exercise SafetyIssues 6 in Human Health SummaryandConclusions 6 References 6 BRYANK.SMITHANDERIKKIRK ResistanceTraininginHumanHealth 55 2. Glycemic Index, Food Exchange Values and Summary 61 Exercise Performance References 61 ATHANASIOSZ.JAMURTAS,CHARIKLIAK.DELI,KALLIOPI GEORGAKOULIANDIOANNISG.FATOUROS 6. Psychology and Exercise GlycemicIndex 9 ATTILASZABO,MARKD.GRIFFITHSANDZSOLTDEMETROVICS GlycemicLoad 9 GlycemicIndex,GlycemicLoadandMetabolic AcuteandChronicPsychologicalEffectsofExercise 65 MotivationforExerciseBehavior:WhydoPeopleExercise? 66 Responses 10 TheoriesandModelsAccountingforthePsychologicalBenefitsof GlycemicIndex,MetabolicResponsesandExercise Performance 16 Exercise 67 The “Runners’ High” Phenomenon and the Acute Psychological GlycemicLoad,MetabolicResponsesandExercise EffectsofExercise 68 Performance 22 FoodExchangeValuesinHealthAndExercise 24 TheDarkSideofPhysicalActivity:ExerciseAddiction 70 Conclusions 71 Conclusions 24 Acknowledgements 71 References 25 References 71 3. Performance Enhancement Drugs and Sports 7. Bone Health, Bone Mineral Density and Sports Supplements for Resistance Training Performance LUCASGUIMARA˜ES-FERREIRA,WAGNERSILVA DANTAS,IGORMURAI,MICHAELJ.DUNCAN ANNIESCHTSCHERBYNA,BEATRIZGONC¸ALVESRIBEIROANDMARIA ANDNELOEIDYZANCHI LUCIAFLEIUSSDEFARIAS Introduction 29 Introduction 75 TestosteroneandAnabolicSteroids 30 BoneHealth 75 CreatineMonohydrate 32 BoneMineralDensity 77 Beta-HydroxyBeta-Methylbutyrate(HMB) 36 BoneandPhysicalActivity 78 Caffeine 37 Conclusions 80 References 39 References 80 vii viii CONTENTS 8. Immune Function, Nutrition, and Exercise 13. Bioenergetics of Cyclic Sports Activities on Land: Walking, Running and Cycling WATARUAOI,YUJINAITOANDTOSHIKAZUYOSHIKAWA PAOLAZAMPARO,CARLOCAPELLIANDSILVIAPOGLIAGHI Introduction 83 ExerciseandUpperRespiratoryTractInfection 84 EnergyExpenditureofHumanLocomotion 133 ExerciseandCancer 85 TheEnergyCostofLocomotion 133 ExerciseandInflammation 85 EnergySources 134 Delayed-OnsetMuscleDamage 86 AerodynamicandNon-AerodynamicCostofLocomotion 134 NutritionandExercise-InducedImmuneChanges 87 TheDeterminantsofCinLandLocomotion 137 Conclusion 89 PassiveLocomotoryToolsonLand 139 References 90 EfficiencyinLandLocomotion 140 Conclusions 141 References 141 9. The Immune Response to Exercise: Effects on Cellular Mobilization, Immune Function and Muscle 14. Bioenergetics of Cyclic Sport Activities in Water: Regeneration Swimming, Rowing and Kayaking DANIELJ.FREIDENREICHANDJEFFS.VOLEK PAOLAZAMPARO,ANDMARCOBONIFAZI TheEffectsofAcuteExerciseonCirculatingLeukocyte EnergeticsandBiomechanicsofAquaticLocomotion 143 Counts 95 EnergeticsofSwimming 145 ExerciseandImmuneFunction 96 PassiveLocomotoryToolsinWater 148 MuscleDamageandLeukocyteinfiltration 97 RowingandKayaking(BoatLocomotion) 148 ChapterSummary 99 Conclusions 149 References 99 References 149 15. Performance Enhancement Drugs III and Sports Supplements: A Review of the SPORTS AND NUTRITION Evidence GARYGAFFNEY 10. Vegetarian Athletes Performance-EnhancingDrugs 151 JINGZHOU,JIALIANDWAYNEW.CAMPBELL Performance-EnhancingSupplements 155 References 158 NutritionalConsiderationsforVegetarianAthletes 105 VegetarianDietandAthleticPerformance 109 16. Nutrition and Ultra-Endurance: Take-HomeMessages 111 References 112 An Overview BEATKNECHTLE 11. Nutrition in Combat Sports Introduction 161 GUILHERMEG.ARTIOLI,EMERSONFRANCHINI,MARINAY.SOLIS, ProblemsAssociatedwithUltra-EndurancePerformance 161 ALINEC.TRITTOANDANTONIOH.LANCHAJR NutritionalAspectsinUltra-EnduranceAthletes 165 ConclusionsandImplicationsforFutureResearch 167 Introduction 115 References 167 RoleofNutrients 116 RoleofHydration 120 17. Exercise and Nutritional Benefits for Individuals RapidWeightLoss 121 with a Spinal Cord Injury or Amputation SupplementsforCombatAthletes 122 References 124 JUSTINW.KEOGH ParalympicSportandClassificationSystems 171 12. Sumo Wrestling: An Overview ReviewMethodology 171 EnergyExpenditureandBodyComposition 171 TAISHIMIDORIKAWA,SHIZUOSAKAMOTOANDMASAKATSUKONDO ExerciseAdaptations 173 Introduction 129 NutritionalPractices 175 EnergyBalance 129 NutritionalKnowledgeandEducationPrograms 177 FatMassandFat-FreeMassforTopLeague(“Sekitori”) 130 SupplementUsage 177 Organ-TissueLevelBodyComposition 130 EffectsofNutritiononBodyCompositionandPerformance 177 Conclusion 132 ConclusionsandAreasforFutureResearch 179 References 132 References 180 ix CONTENTS 18. An Overview of Doping in Sports 22. Role of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in Muscle Growth FABIANSANCHIS-GOMAR,VLADIMIRMARTINEZ-BELLO,HELIOS PAREJA-GALEANO,THOMASBRIOCHEANDMARICARMENGO´MEZ- EVGENIYPANZHINSKIY,BRUCECULVER,JUNREN,DEBASISBAGCHI CABRERA ANDSREEJAYANNAIR Introduction 183 Introduction 217 MainTendenciesofDopingintheStrength MuscleGrowth 217 Field 184 mTORSignalingPathway 218 MetabolicModulatorsandRelatedSubstances 189 mTORinMyogenesis 220 BloodDopingandAnti-DopingApproachesinEndurance mTORinMuscleHypertrophy 220 Sports 190 mTORinMuscleAtrophy 222 MaskingAgents 191 NutritionandmTOR-DependentMuscle GeneDoping 192 Growth 223 References 192 Conclusions 223 References 224 19. Nutrition In Paralympics 23. Stress Proteins and Heat Shock Proteins: Role in AMITAVADAS,DEBASISBAGCHIAND Muscle Building and Sports Nutrition CHANDANK.SEN MIKAVENOJA¨RVI,NIKUOKSALA,SUSANNAKINNUNENAND Introduction 197 MUSTAFAATALAY SportsNutritionandEnhancedPerformance 197 TheParalympicGames 197 Introduction 229 ClassificationandCategoriesattheParalympic HeatShockProteinFamily 229 Games 198 RegulationofStressProteinsinSkeletalMuscle 230 NutritionalConsiderationsintheDisabled 198 StressProteinsandExercise 231 SportsNutritionofParalympicAthletes 199 StressProteinsandDietarySupplements 232 Conclusion 202 Conclusions 233 References 202 References 233 24. Anabolic and Catabolic Signaling Pathways that 20. An Overview on the History of Sports Nutrition Regulate Skeletal Muscle Mass Beverages JOHNJ.MCCARTHY GUSTAVOA.GALAZ Introduction 237 Introduction 205 History 237 BackgroundonSportsBeverages 205 AnabolicSignaling 238 HistoryofProteinDrinks 207 CatabolicSignaling 241 Conclusion 210 Summary 243 References 210 References 243 25. Muscle Growth, Repair and Preservation: IV A Mechanistic Approach MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ROBERTM.ERSKINEANDHANSDEGENS Introduction 247 21. α-Hydroxy-Isocaproic Acid (HICA)—Effects on MuscleGrowth 248 Body Composition, Muscle Soreness and Athletic MuscleAtrophy 252 Performance MuscleDamageandRepair 254 Summary 257 TUOMOOJALA,JACOBM.WILSON,JUHAJ.HULMI, TUOMOKARILA,TIMOA.SEPPA¨LA¨ AND References 257 ANTTIA.MERO 26. Nitric Oxide, Sports Nutrition and Muscle Background 213 EffectsofAlfa-Hydroxy-IsocaproicAcidonBodyComposition, Building Delayed-OnsetMuscleSorenessandPhysicalPerformancein LAWRENCEJ.DRUHAN Athletes 214 Conclusion 215 Introduction 265 References 215 TheNitricOxideSynthases 265
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