Nutrition and diet therapy PDF
Preview Nutrition and diet therapy
Ninth Edition Nutrition & Diet Therapy Linda Kelly DeBruyne Kathryn Pinna Ellie Whitney Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Nutrition & Diet Therapy, Ninth Edition © 2016, 2012 Cengage Learning Linda Kelly DeBruyne, Kathryn Pinna, WCN: 02-200-203 Ellie Whitney ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Product Director: Mary Finch may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Senior Product Team Manager: Yolanda Cossio graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Senior Product Manager: Peggy Williams recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Content Developer: Elesha Hyde or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Product Assistant: Chelsea Joy written permission of the publisher. 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MPS Limited Photo Researcher: Lumina Datamatics Library of Congress Control Number: 2014940083 Text Researcher: Lumina Datamatics ISBN-13: 978-1-305-11040-3 Copy Editor: MPS Limited ISBN-10: 1-305-11040-4 Text Designer: Tani Hasegawa Cover Designer: John Walker Cengage Learning Cover Image: Maximilian Stock Ltd./Getty 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at www.cengage .com/global. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents in Brief 1 Overview of Nutrition and Health 1 11 Nutrition through the Life Span: Pregnancy and Lactation 287 NutritioN iN Practice: Finding the truth about nutrition 30 NutritioN iN Practice: encouraging successFul breastFeeding 315 2 Carbohydrates 34 12 Nutrition through the Life Span: NutritioN iN Practice: the glycemic index Infancy, Childhood, and in nutrition Practice 56 Adolescence 318 3 Lipids 60 NutritioN iN Practice: childhood obesity and the early deVeloPment oF chronic NutritioN iN Practice: Figuring diseases 358 out Fats 81 13 Nutrition through the Life Span: Later 4 Protein 87 Adulthood 363 NutritioN iN Practice: Vegetarian NutritioN iN Practice: hunger and diets 103 community nutrition 385 5 Digestion and Absorption 108 14 Illness and Nutrition Care 390 NutritioN iN Practice: Food saFety 125 NutritioN iN Practice: nutritional genomics 415 6 Metabolism, Energy Balance, and Body Composition 133 15 Medications, Diet-Drug Interactions, and Herbal Supplements 419 NutritioN iN Practice: eating disorders 156 NutritioN iN Practice: comPlementary and alternatiVe theraPies 434 7 Weight Management 161 16 Specialized Nutrition Support: Enteral NutritioN iN Practice: Fad diets 185 and Parenteral Nutrition 438 NutritioN iN Practice: inborn errors oF 8 The Vitamins 188 metabolism 465 NutritioN iN Practice: Phytochemicals and Functional Foods 217 17 Foods and Food Consistency for Upper GI Disorders 469 9 Water and the Minerals 225 NutritioN iN Practice: nutrition and oral NutritioN iN Practice: Vitamin and mineral health 490 suPPlements 253 18 Fiber-Modified Diets for Lower 10 Fitness and Nutrition 257 Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders 494 NutritioN iN Practice: suPPlements and NutritioN iN Practice: Probiotics and ergogenic aids athletes use 283 intestinal health 509 iii Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 19 Carbohydrate- and Fat-Modified Diets for 23 Protein-, Mineral-, and Fluid-Modified Diets Malabsorption Disorders 512 for Kidney Diseases 603 NutritioN iN Practice: anemia in NutritioN iN Practice: dialysis 625 illness 527 24 Energy- and Protein-Modified Diets for 20 Nutrition Therapy for Liver and Gallbladder Metabolic and Respiratory Stress 628 Diseases 531 NutritioN iN Practice: multiPle organ NutritioN iN Practice: alcohol in health dysFunction syndrome 643 and disease 549 25 Energy- and Protein-Modified Diets for 21 Carbohydrate-Controlled Diets for Diabetes Cancer and HIV Infection 645 Mellitus 552 NutritioN iN Practice: ethical issues in NutritioN iN Practice: the metabolic nutrition care 666 syndrome 575 22 Fat-Controlled, Mineral-Modified Diets for Cardiovascular Diseases 578 NutritioN iN Practice: helPing PeoPle with Feeding disabilities 600 iv contents in brieF Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents Preface xiii Alternative Sweeteners: Sugar Alcohols 45 Alternative Sweeteners: Nonnutritive Sweeteners 45 About the Authors xix 2.4 Health Effects of Starch and Dietary Fibers 47 1 Overview of Nutrition Carbohydrates: Disease Prevention and Health 1 and Recommendations 48 Carbohydrates: Food Sources 50 1.1 Food Choices 3 Carbohydrates: Food Labels and 1.2 The Nutrients 6 Health Claims 52 Six Classes of Nutrients 6 NutritioN iN Practice: the glycemic index in kCalories: A Measure of Energy 7 nutrition Practice 56 1.3 Nutrient Recommendations 8 3 Lipids 60 Dietary Reference Intakes 8 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution 3.1 Roles of Body Fat 61 Ranges (AMDR) 10 3.2 The Chemist’s View of Lipids 62 1.4 National Nutrition Surveys 11 Triglycerides 62 Coordinating Nutrition Survey Data 11 Fatty Acids 63 National Health Goals 11 Phospholipids 65 1.5 Dietary Guidelines and Food Guides 12 Sterols 66 Dietary Ideals 12 3.3 Health Effects and Recommended Dietary Guidelines for Americans 13 Intakes of Fats 67 The USDA Food Patterns 15 Fats and Heart Health 67 MyPlate 20 Recommendations 70 1.6 Food Labels 21 3.4 Fats in Foods 71 The Ingredient List 21 Finding the Fats in Foods 72 Nutrition Facts Panel 21 Cutting Solid Fats and Choosing Claims on Labels 24 Unsaturated Fats 73 NutritioN iN Practice: Finding the truth NutritioN iN Practice: Figuring about nutrition 30 out Fats 81 2 Carbohydrates 34 4 Protein 87 2.1 The Chemist’s View of Carbohydrates 35 4.1 The Chemist’s View of Proteins 88 Monosaccharides 35 The Structure of Proteins 88 Disaccharides 36 Nonessential and Essential Amino Acids 89 Polysaccharides 36 4.2 Protein Turnover and Nitrogen Balance 90 2.2 Regulation of Blood Glucose 39 2.3 Health Effects of Sugars Protein Turnover 90 and Alternative Sweeteners 40 Nitrogen Balance 90 Sugars 40 4.3 Roles of Body Proteins 91 v Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 4.4 Protein and Health 94 Body Composition 149 Protein Deficiency 94 How Much Body Fat Is Too Much? 150 Malnutrition 94 6.6 Health Risks of Underweight and Obesity 151 Protein Excess 96 Protein and Amino Acid Supplements 96 NutritioN iN Practice: eating disorders 156 Protein Recommendations and Intakes 97 4.5 Protein in Foods 98 7 Weight Management 161 Protein Quality 98 Protein Sparing 99 7.1 Causes of Obesity 162 Protein on Food Labels 100 Genetics and Weight 162 NutritioN iN Practice: Vegetarian diets 103 Environmental Stimuli 164 7.2 Obesity Treatment: Who 5 Digestion and Absorption 108 Should Lose? 167 7.3 Inappropriate Obesity Treatments 167 5.1 Anatomy of the Digestive Tract 109 Over-the-Counter Weight-Loss Products 167 The Digestive Organs 109 Other Gimmicks 168 The Involuntary Muscles and the Glands 112 7.4 Aggressive Treatments of Obesity 168 5.2 The Process of Digestion 115 Obesity Drugs 168 Digestion in the Mouth 115 Surgery 169 Digestion in the Stomach 116 7.5 Reasonable Strategies for Digestion in the Small and Large Intestines 116 Weight Loss 170 5.3 The Absorptive System 118 A Healthful Eating Plan 171 The Small Intestine 118 Physical Activity 173 Absorption of Nutrients 118 Behavior and Attitude 175 5.4 Transport of Nutrients 120 Weight Maintenance 177 The Vascular System 120 7.6 Strategies for Weight Gain 178 The Lymphatic System 121 NutritioN iN Practice: Fad diets 185 Transport of Lipids: Lipoproteins 121 The System at Its Best 123 8 The Vitamins 188 NutritioN iN Practice: Food saFety 125 8.1 The Vitamins—An Overview 189 6 Metabolism, Energy Balance, 8.2 The Fat-Soluble Vitamins 191 and Body Composition 133 Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene 191 Vitamin D 196 6.1 The Organs and Their Metabolic Roles 134 Vitamin E 199 The Principal Organs 134 Vitamin K 200 The Body’s Metabolic Work 135 8.3 The Water-Soluble Vitamins 202 6.2 The Body’s Use of Fuels 136 The B Vitamins 202 Energy Metabolism 137 Thiamin 204 Glucose Production 138 Riboflavin 204 6.3 Energy Imbalance 140 Niacin 205 Feasting 140 Pantothenic Acid and Biotin 205 The Economics of Fasting 141 Vitamin B 206 6 6.4 Energy Balance 143 Folate 206 Energy In 144 Vitamin B 207 12 Energy Out 144 Non–B Vitamins 209 Estimating Energy Requirements 146 Vitamin C 210 6.5 Body Weight and Body Composition 147 NutritioN iN Practice: Phytochemicals and Defining Healthy Body Weight 148 Functional Foods 217 vi contents Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 9 Water and the Minerals 225 Enhanced Water 275 Other Beverages 276 9.1 Water and Body Fluids 226 10.5 Diets for Physically Active People 277 Water Balance 226 NutritioN iN Practice: suPPlements and Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 228 ergogenic aids athletes use 283 Acid–Base Balance 228 9.2 The Major Minerals 229 11 Nutrition through the Life Span: Sodium 230 Pregnancy and Lactation 287 Chloride 231 Potassium 232 11.1 Pregnancy: The Impact of Nutrition on the Future 288 Calcium 232 Phosphorus 235 Nutrition Prior to Pregnancy 288 Magnesium 236 Prepregnancy Weight 288 Sulfate 237 Healthy Support Tissues 289 9.3 The Trace Minerals 239 The Events of Pregnancy 290 Nutrient Needs during Pregnancy 292 Iron 239 Food Assistance Programs 297 Zinc 243 Weight Gain 297 Selenium 245 Weight Loss after Pregnancy 299 Iodine 245 Physical Activity 299 Copper 246 Common Nutrition-Related Concerns of Pregnancy 300 Manganese 247 Problems in Pregnancy 301 Fluoride 247 Practices to Avoid 303 Chromium 248 Adolescent Pregnancy 306 Other Trace Minerals 248 11.2 Breastfeeding 307 NutritioN iN Practice: Vitamin and mineral suPPlements 253 Nutrition during Lactation 308 Contraindications to Breastfeeding 309 10 Fitness and Nutrition 257 NutritioN iN Practice: encouraging successFul breastFeeding 315 10.1 Fitness 258 Benefits of Fitness 258 12 Nutrition through the Life Developing Fitness 261 Span: Infancy, Childhood, and The Components of Fitness 261 Adolescence 318 Cardiorespiratory Endurance 262 Muscle Strength and Endurance 263 12.1 Nutrition of the Infant 319 A Balanced Fitness Program 263 Nutrient Needs during Infancy 319 10.2 The Active Body’s Use of Fuels 264 Breast Milk 321 Glucose Use During Physical Activity 264 Infant Formula 324 Fat Use During Activity 267 The Transition to Cow’s Milk 325 Protein Use During Activity 268 Introducing First Foods 326 10.3 Vitamins and Minerals to Support Looking Ahead 328 Activity 270 Mealtimes 328 Supplements 270 12.2 Nutrition during Childhood 329 Nutrients of Special Concern 271 Energy and Nutrient Needs 330 10.4 Fluids and Electrolytes in Physical Hunger and Malnutrition in Children 332 Activity 272 Lead Poisoning in Children 334 Temperature Regulation 273 Food Allergy 334 Fluid Needs during Physical Activity 273 Hyperactivity 336 Sports Drinks 275 Childhood Obesity 338 vii contents Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Mealtimes at Home 342 Physical Examinations 404 Nutrition at School 346 Determining Energy Requirements 405 12.3 Nutrition during Adolescence 348 14.3 Implementing Nutrition Care 407 Growth and Development during Adolescence 348 Dietary Modifications 407 Energy and Nutrient Needs 349 Approaches to Nutrition Care 409 Food Choices and Health Habits 350 Documenting Nutrition Care 410 NutritioN iN Practice: childhood obesity Improving Food Intake 411 and the early deVeloPment oF chronic NutritioN iN Practice: nutritional diseases 358 genomics 415 13 Nutrition through the Life Span: 15 Medications, Diet-Drug Later Adulthood 363 Interactions, and Herbal Supplements 419 13.1 Nutrition and Longevity 364 Slowing the Aging Process 365 15.1 Medications in Disease Treatment 420 Nutrition and Disease Prevention 367 Risks from Medications 420 13.2 Nutrition-Related Concerns during Late Patients at High Risk of Adverse Effects 421 Adulthood 368 15.2 Diet-Drug Interactions 423 Cataracts and Macular Degeneration 368 Drug Effects on Food Intake 423 Arthritis 369 Drug Effects on Nutrient Absorption 423 The Aging Brain 369 Dietary Effects on Drug Absorption 425 13.3 Energy and Nutrient Needs during Late Drug Effects on Nutrient Metabolism 425 Adulthood 372 Dietary Effects on Drug Metabolism 426 Energy and Energy Nutrients 372 Drug Effects on Nutrient Excretion 427 Water 374 Dietary Effects on Drug Excretion 427 Vitamins and Minerals 374 Diet-Drug Interactions and Toxicity 427 Nutrient Supplements for Older Adults 375 15.3 Herbal Supplements 429 The Effects of Drugs on Nutrients 375 Effectiveness and Safety of Herbal Products 429 13.4 Food Choices and Eating Habits of Older Use of Herbal Products in Illness 431 Adults 377 NutritioN iN Practice: comPlementary and Individual Preferences 377 alternatiVe theraPies 434 Meal Setting 377 Depression 378 16 Specialized Nutrition Support: Food Assistance Programs 378 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 438 Meals for Singles 378 16.1 Enteral Nutrition 439 NutritioN iN Practice: hunger and Oral Supplements 439 community nutrition 385 Candidates for Tube Feedings 440 Tube Feeding Routes 441 14 Illness and Nutrition Care 390 Enteral Formulas 443 14.1 Nutrition in Health Care 391 Administration of Tube Feedings 446 Effects of Illness on Nutrition Status 391 Medication Delivery during Tube Feedings 449 Responsibility for Nutrition Care 392 Tube Feeding Complications 450 Nutrition Screening 393 Transition to Table Foods 450 The Nutrition Care Process 393 16.2 Parenteral Nutrition 452 14.2 Nutrition Assessment 395 Candidates for Parenteral Nutrition 452 Historical Information 395 Venous Access 452 Food Intake Data 396 Parenteral Solutions 453 Anthropometric Data 399 Administering Parenteral Nutrition 456 Biochemical Analyses 401 Managing Metabolic Complications 457 viii contents Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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