Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health

647 Pages·2018·19.356 MB·English

by  Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss

Nutrition and
Cardiometabolic Health

Nutrition and
Cardiometabolic Health
Edited by
Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray,
and Ronald M. Krauss
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bergeron, Nathalie, editor. | Siri-Tarino, Patty W., editor. | Bray,
George A., editor. | Krauss, Ronald M., editor.
Title: Nutrition and cardiometabolic health / [edited by] Nathalie Bergeron,
Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, and Ronald M. Krauss.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | Includes bibliographical
references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017020806 | ISBN 9781498704267 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Obesity, Metabolically Benign--diet therapy |
Cardiovascular Diseases--prevention & control | Risk Factors | Nutrition
Therapy—methods
Classification: LCC RC628 | NLM WD 210 | DDC 616.3/980654--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020806
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface ...............................................................................................................................................ix
Editors ...............................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors .....................................................................................................................................xv
Section i energy Balance, Adiposity, and
cardiometabolic Health
Chapter 1 Regulation of Food Intake: The Gut–Brain Axis..........................................................3
Surya Panicker Rajeev, Ian W. Seetho, and John P. H. Wilding
Chapter 2 Overeating Behavior and Cardiometabolic Health: Mechanisms and Treatments .....23
Ashley E. Mason and Frederick M. Hecht
Chapter 3 Energy Balance and Regulation of Body Weight: Are All Calories Equal? ...............51
Kevin D. Hall
Chapter 4 Diets for Weight Loss .................................................................................................61
George A. Bray and Patty W. Siri-Tarino
Chapter 5 Weight Loss by Surgical Intervention: Nutritional Considerations and Influence
on Health ....................................................................................................................77
Karim Kheniser and Sangeeta Kashyap
Chapter 6 Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Health.........................................................101
Andrea M. Brennan and Robert Ross
Chapter 7 Diet as a Potential Modulator of Body Fat Distribution...........................................123
Sofia Laforest, Geneviève B. Marchand, and André Tchernof
Chapter 8 Nutritional Considerations for Cardiometabolic Health in Childhood and
Adolescent Obesity...................................................................................................149
Elizabeth Prout Parks, Jennifer Panganiban, Stephen R. Daniels,
and Julie Brothers
Chapter 9 Aging and Cardiovascular Disease: Lessons from Calorie Restriction ....................173
Jasper Most and Leanne M. Redman
v
vi Contents
Section ii Dietary Fats and cardiometabolic Health
Chapter 10 Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Roles in Cardiometabolic Disease .................193
William S. Harris
Chapter 11 Evolving Role of Saturated Fatty Acids ...................................................................209
Patty W. Siri-Tarino and Ronald M. Krauss
Chapter 12 Effects of Dietary Trans Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk ..................................223
Ronald P. Mensink
Section iii Dietary carbohydrates and
cardiometabolic Health
Chapter 13 Epidemiologic and Mechanistic Studies of Sucrose and Fructose in Beverages
and Their Relation to Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk ..........................................237
George A. Bray
Chapter 14 Effects and Mechanisms of Fructose-Containing Sugars in the Pathophysiology
of Metabolic Syndrome ............................................................................................251
Kimber L. Stanhope and Peter J. Havel
Chapter 15 Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction in the Management of NAFLD and
Metabolic Syndrome ................................................................................................275
Grace Marie Jones, Kathleen Mulligan, and Jean-Marc Schwarz
Chapter 16 Dietary Starches and Grains: Effects on Cardiometabolic Risk ...............................297
Nathalie Bergeron and Ronald M. Krauss
Section iV Dietary Protein and cardiometabolic Health
Chapter 17 Interaction of Dietary Protein and Energy Balance ..................................................317
Eveline A. Martens, Richard D. Mattes, and Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga
Chapter 18 A Protein-Centric Perspective for Skeletal Muscle Metabolism and
Cardiometabolic Health ............................................................................................333
Donald K. Layman
Chapter 19 Protein Sources, CVD, Type 2 Diabetes, and Total Mortality..................................349
Peter Clifton
Contents vii
Section V Dietary Food Groups, Patterns,
and cardiometabolic Health
Chapter 20 Consumption of Foods, Food Groups, and Cardiometabolic Risk ...........................373
Edward Yu and Frank B. Hu
Chapter 21 Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Disease ........................................................397
Elizabeth M. Cespedes Feliciano and Frank B. Hu
Chapter 22 The Mediterranean Diet to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease ..421
Michel de Lorgeril
Chapter 23 The DASH Diet ........................................................................................................431
Catherine M. Champagne
Chapter 24 Nut Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk and Mortality ............449
Christina Link, Alyssa Tindall, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Caitlin Lynch, and
Penny Kris-Etherton
Chapter 25 Dairy Product Consumption, Dairy Fat, and Cardiometabolic Health .....................481
Benoît Lamarche
Chapter 26 Paleolithic Diets .......................................................................................................493
Staffan Lindeberg, Maelán Fontes Villalba, Pedro Carrera-Bastos, and
Lynda Frassetto
Chapter 27 Fasting Intermittently or Altering Meal Frequency: Effects on Plasma Lipids ........517
John F. Trepanowski and Krista A. Varady
Section Vi other nutritional influences
of cardiometabolic Health
Chapter 28 Early-Life Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Later Cardiometabolic Health ....................531
Mark H. Vickers, Clare M. Reynolds, and Clint Gray
Chapter 29 Gene–Diet Interactions .............................................................................................555
Silvia Berciano and Jose M. Ordovas
viii Contents
Chapter 30 Gut Microbiome: Its Relationship to Health and Its Modulation by Diet ................571
Brian J. Bennett and Katie A. Meyer
Chapter 31 Alcohol: Associations with Blood Lipids, Insulin Sensitivity, Diabetes,
Clotting, CVD, and Total Mortality .........................................................................593
Charlotte Holst and Janne Schurmann Tolstrup
Chapter 32 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, Obesogens, and the Obesity Epidemic...............603
Raquel Chamorro-Garcia and Bruce Blumberg
Index ..............................................................................................................................................615
Preface
Nutrition is the major environmental influence on metabolic systems that impact cardiovascular
health and disease. Past decades have seen major advances in the identification of specific dietary
effects on these systems. However, as this knowledge has grown, and the tools for studying these
effects have become more diverse and powerful, there has been growing appreciation of the com-
plexities and challenges facing those seeking to gain an in-depth yet comprehensive understanding
of dietary effects on cardiometabolic health. Intensifying this concern is the imperative of address-
ing the global increase in the incidence of cardiovascular disease, coupled with the diet-related
metabolic conditions—dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity—that play key roles in its pathogenesis.
In preparing this textbook, we have called on the expertise of scientists across a broad range of
topics and disciplines to assemble information aimed at researchers, clinicians, and other health
professionals who have interests in this important field.
The chapters in the first section of the textbook are clustered around the theme of energy balance
and adiposity as they relate to cardiometabolic health. An overview of the regulatory mechanisms
that determine energy balance is provided in Chapter 1 followed by a chapter on the critical role of
behavior in regulating eating (Chapter 2). The debate of whether “a calorie is a calorie” regardless
of food source is addressed in the next two chapters (Chapters 3 and 4), along with methods for
weight loss. Caloric restriction is addressed in Chapter 4 and bariatric surgery in Chapter 5. The
benefits of physical activity on cardiometabolic health, with or without weight loss, are addressed in
Chapter 6. The effects of diet on body fat distribution and the significance of the more metabolically
active central versus peripheral adiposity are the topics for Chapter 7. This section concludes with
Chapters 8 and 9 on nutritional considerations at different stages of the lifespan—in childhood and
adolescence, and in the elderly.
Sections II through IV of the book are devoted to evaluating macronutrient effects on cardio-
metabolic health. In Section II on dietary fats, the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifi-
cally omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, are discussed in Chapter 10. The role of dietary saturated
fats, along with the need to evaluate them in the context in which they are consumed, is reviewed
in Chapter 11. The effects of trans fatty acids on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease risk, with
consideration for industrially produced vs. ruminant trans fats, are discussed in Chapter 12, the third
and final chapter of this section.
In Section III, Chapters 13 and 14 on dietary carbohydrates and cardiometabolic health pay par-
ticular attention to the role of sugar—consumed in quantities 40 times what was consumed at the
time of the American Revolution in 1776. The quantity and quality of carbohydrates and the role of
carbohydrate restriction in improving metabolic health are reviewed in Chapters 15 and 16.
Section IV’s focus, dietary protein in relation to cardiometabolic health is covered in
Chapters 17 through 19, with a focus on its role in energy balance, skeletal muscle function, and
cardiovascular and diabetes risk.
A renewed interest and focus on whole foods and overall dietary patterns as a means toward
cardiovascular health has led to the development of unique and validated methods of analysis as
presented in Section V, Chapters 20 and 21. The two dietary patterns with the strongest evidence
base for cardioprotective effects, namely, the Mediterranean and DASH diets, are reviewed in
Chapters 22 and 23. Food groups that have been heavily touted and consumed include tree nuts
and dairy foods, and the evidence for effects of these food groups on cardiometabolic health are
reviewed in Chapters 24 and 25. The Section V concludes with Chapters 26 and 27 that present
more debated approaches toward cardiometabolic health, including Paleolithic diets and intermittent
fasting regimens.
ix