Nutrition and Biotechnology in Heart Disease and Cancer PDF
Preview Nutrition and Biotechnology in Heart Disease and Cancer
NUTRITION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN HEART DISEASE AND CANCER ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 365 MECHANISMS OF LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE REGULATION V: Molecular Basis of Signal Transduction Edited by Sudhir Gupta, William E. Paul, Anthony DeFranco, and Roger Perlmutter Volume 366 FREE RADICALS IN DIAGNOSTIC MEDICINE: A Systems Approach to Laboratory Technology, Clinical Correlations, and Antioxidant Therapy Edited by Donald Armstrong Volume 367 CHEMISTRY OF STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEESE Edited by Edyth L. Malin and Michael H. Tunick Volume 368 HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY, HYPERAMMONEMIA, AND AMMONIA TOXICITY Edited by Vicente Felipo and Santiago Grisolia Volume 369 NUTRITION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN HEART DISEASE AND CANCER Edited by John B. Longenecker, David Kritchevsky, and Marc K. Drezner Volume 370 PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM IN MAN VIII Edited by Amrik Sahota and Milton W. Taylor Volume 371A RECENT ADVANCES IN MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY, Part A: Cellular Interactions Edited by Jiri Mestecky, Michael W. Russell, Susan Jackson, Suzanne M. Michalek, Helena Tlaskalovä, and Jaroslav Sterzl Volume 37IB RECENT ADVANCES IN MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY, Part B: Effector Functions Edited by Jiri Mestecky, Michael W. Russell, Susan Jackson, Suzanne M. Michalek, - Helena Tlaskalova, and Jaroslav Sterzl Volume 372 ENZYMOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CARBONYL METABOLISM 5 Edited by Henry Weiner, Roger S. Holmes, and Bendicht Wermuth A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. NUTRITION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN HEART DISEASE AND CANCER Edited by John B. Longenecker University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina David Kritchevsky Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Marc K. Drezner Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publicatio n Data On file Proceedings of a conference on Nutrition and Biotechnology in Heart Disease and Cancer, held December 5-7, 1993, in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina ISBN 978-1-4613-5804-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-1957-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1957-7 © 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1995 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE There is a unique nutritional commonality developing in research relating to coronary heart disease and cancer. The primary aim of this conference was to provide a forum for the leading researchers, clinicians, educators and administrators in these two fields to present a program on heart disease and cancer which included a) the major historical milestones, b) the present areas of greatest interest in research and therapy, c) the latest nutritional, molecular, and biotechnological advances, and d) a perspective on the most promising areas for future research and therapy. Scientists have long contended that research marches on the feet of methodology. Thus there are numerous examples of research fields opening secondary to methodological advances. Some examples are: 1) thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography which, along with high pressure liquid chromatography have broadened the line of advances in lipid research and 2) peR and the resultant impact on molecular biological approaches to several fields of science. The organizers of this conference thought the time was propitious for bringing together knowledge on newer aspects of molecular biological research with current advances in the two major areas of degenerative disease--coronary heart disease and cancer. Our knowledge of these "killer diseases" has expanded greatly in the past few years and the advance has been catalyzed by use of an array of molecular biological techniques. Thanks to these, medical thinking in these areas is changing from considerations of treatment to strategies for prevention. This conference has been successful in presenting the most advanced knowledge to an audience of interested participants who will be able to use what they learned for the advancement of their own research. Undoubtedly the same will be true for those who read these proceedings. It is our hope that future advances will make it possible to find the critical answers in the fight against these two perplexing diseases. The Editors v ACKNOWLEDGMENT We wish to sincerely thank the Institute of Nutrition of the University of North Carolina, the Sarah W. Stedman Center for Nutritional Studies of Duke University Medical Center and the North Carolina Biotechnology Center for co-sponsoring the conference and the Nabisco Biscuit Company, Coca Cola Company, Johnson & Johnson, Procter & Gamble, Hoffman-LaRoche Inc., and Glaxco Inc. Research Institute for their financial support. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of the members of the Program Committee and the dedication and cooperation of the staff members of the Institute of Nutrition of the University of North Carolina, the Sarah W. Stedman Center for Nutritional Studies, and the University of North Carolina Continuing Education Center. PROGRAM COMMITTEE Chair John Longenecker Institute of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Co-chair Connie Bales Tlte Sarah W. Stedman Center for Nutritional Studies, Duke Unil'ersity Medical Center Betsy Baker North Carolina American Cancer Society Terry Bazzare American Heart Association Mark Failla University of North Carolina at Greensboro Charles Hamner Nortlt Carolina Biotechnology Center David Kritchevsky The Wistar Institute Gilbert Leveille Nabisco Biscuit Company DavidUbhy Nortlt Carolina A& T State University Robert Maier East Carolina Unil'ersity Donald McCormick Emory University Medical School Bob Sanders Tlte University of Texas at Austin Jason Shih North Carolina State University Tom Staga MD. Anderson Cancer Research Center Steven Zeisel The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill VII CONTENTS HEART DISEASE Historical Review of Research on Atherosclerosis ..................................................... . Gardner C. McMillan Nutrition and Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology................................................. 7 Herman Tyroler Obesity, Fat Patterning and Cardiovascular Risk........................................................ 21 June Stevens The Role of Lipoproteins in Atherogenesis ................. ................. .................... .......... 29 John R. Guyton Role of Oxidized LDL and Antioxidants in Atherosclerosis........................................ 39 Daniel Steinberg Signal Transduction in Atherosclerosis: Second Messengers and Regulation of Cellular Cholesterol Trafficking........................................................................ 49 Kenneth B. Pomerantz, Andrew C. Nicholson and David P. Hajjar Genetic Determinants of Myocardial Infarction.......................................................... 6S Jan L. Breslow and Marilyn Dammerman Gene Therapy in Heart Disease.................................................................................. 79 Louis C. Smith, Randy C. Eisensmith and Savio L. C. Woo Possible Role of Viruses in Atherosclerosis................................................................ 89 Jason C. Shih and Donald W. Kelemen Impact of Biotechnology in the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disorders.................................................................................. 99 Jawed Fareed, Debra Hoppensteadt, Lalitha Iyer, Michael Koza, Jeannie M. Walenga and Edward Bermes, Jr. CANCER Nutrition and Carcinogenesis: Historical Highlights and Future Prospects.................. III R. K. Boutwell ix Epidemiology of Anticarcinogens in Food.................................................................. 125 Lenore Kohlmeier Dietary Effects on DNA Methylation: Do They Account for the Hepatacarcinogenic Properties ofLipotrope Deficient Diets? ........................................................... 141 Judith K. Christman Cholesterol, Cholesterogenesis and Cancer................................................................ 155 Marvin D. Siperstein Inhibition of the Induction of Cancer by Antioxidants ................................................ 167 Tom J. Slaga Nutrients, Signal Transduction and Carcinogenesis.................................................... 175 Steven H. Zeisel Nutrition, Immunology and Cancer: An Overview..................................................... 185 Bob G. Sanders and Kimberly Kline Anemia of Malignancy ............................................................................................... 195 Rodger L. Bick HEART DISEASE AND CANCER Diet in Heart Disease and Cancer............................................................................... 201 David Kritchevsky Carcinogens in Foods: Heterocyclic Amines and Cancer and Heart Disease ............... 211 Richard H. Adamson and Unnur P. Thorgeirsson Genetic Engineering of Foods to Reduce the Risk afReart Disease and Cancer......... 221 Vic C. Knauf and Daniel Facciotti NIH INITIATIVE New Directions in Dietary Studies in Cancer: The National Cancer Institute.............. 229 Peter Greenwald, Carolyn Clifford, Susan Pilch, Jerianne Heimendinger and Gary Kelloff New Directions in Dietary Studies and Heart Disease; The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Sponsored Multicenter Study of Diet Effects on Lipoproteins and Thrombogenic Activity.......................................................... 241 Henry N. Ginsberg APPENDIX Abstracts of Poster Sessions ............................................................................... . 249 Index ....................................................................................................................... . 265 x HISTORICAL REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS Gardner C. McMillan 5305 Burling Terrace Bethesda, MD 20814 INTRODUCTION Atherosclerosis in humans can have severe clinical sequellae such as heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. These diseases are common and they have their own research histories, but it is the history of the underlying atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries about which I shall speak. I have listed several sources for this paper and they have extensive bibliographies for specific points of reference. It is possible to comment on several interwoven histories depending on whether the research viewpoint emphasizes the pathological, the biochemical, the metabolic, the epidemiological, the nutritional and recently the mechanistic and molecular biological. PATHOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND DEFINITIONS I shall begin with the pathological because it is by far the oldest, but touch on the others as needed to develop an outline that I hope will be useful background for you. Even today, the definition of atherosclerosis as a space occupying lesion or plaque of the inner coat of larger arteries that is focal, has a pattern of occurrence, is composed of an excess of fat, of an increased number of artery wall and inflammatory cells and their connective tissue products, and that may show calcification and ulceration, narrows the arterial lumen, may obstruct blood flow through the artery and may be associated with a local thrombus is a definition that uses the terms of classical pathology. In view of what we know today, a more etiological and mechanistic definition could be formulated, but, in fact we generalIy use a descriptive definition like the foregoing and add to it etiological associations and mechanistic cartoons as suits our purpose. The first formal description of atherosclerosis was due to Fallopius in 1575 who described a degeneration of arteries into bone. Four hundred years ago educated physicians were aware of ossification of arteries. In 1695, that is three hundred years ago, we find the aorta of a 75 year old physician Johann Jakob Wepfer pictured and described. "The internal coat in several places was ruptured, lacerated and rotten like fruit and hurt the fingers when thrust into it, from the roughness of the bone". That the Nutrition and Biotechnology in Heart Disease and Cancer Edited by J.B. Longenecker et aI., Plenum Press, New York, 1995 disease is much older has been shown by autopsies on Egyptian mummies dating from 1580 B. C. to 523 A D. and reported before World War 1. One specimen was from Menephtah who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus. During the 1700's descriptions improved and there were even some mechanistic discussions. Joseph Hodgson in 1815 gave an excellent gross description and included a chemical analysis of the arterial calcification and concluded it was not true bone. Most importantly he thought atherosclerosis was a disease process and not an effect of ageing. Jean-Fredrich Martin Lobstein coined the term arteriosclerosis in Strassbourg in 1829. Our preferred term of atherosclerosis was proposed and justified in 1904 by Felix Marchand of Leipzig Meanwhile, mechanistic ideas were proposed including focal inflammation and deposition of material from the blood onto the lining as an encrustation that was changed into plaque. The first detailed microscopic studies were those of Virchow (1858). He thought that the plaque began in rather than on the intima as a proliferation of cells with formation of cell products. Fatty changes followed. There were some elements of inflammation and lesions tended to locate where there was pressure from the blood stream. He noted that cholesterol was present but considered it secondary. The descriptions of atherosclerosis became more refined and precise. A major addition was the so-called fatty flecks or streaks of the arteries of children which were described in detail in a large autopsy series in 1925 and suggested as the origins of the more advanced plaques ~ a thesis still under review to-day. Great improvements in technique and methodology have advanced us into the modern era when we can apply electromicroscopy, microchemistry, immunohistology and protein identification to follow cell lineage, cell kinetics, biochemical composition and apocrine and paracrine controlled cellular activity and metabolism in plaque formation. RESEARCH ON CHOLESTEROL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS But there are other aspects of the history of research on atherosclerosis. One of these deals with cholesterol and through it leads to experimental animal work, nutrition and metabolism. The first recognition of cholesterol in plaques was by Vogel in 1843 and a suggestion of some connection between blood and tissue cholesterol was made two years later. Its prominence in plaques was emphasized by Aschoff in 1906 and in 1910 Windaus, a chemist working with Aschoff compared the cholesterol content of plaque and nonplaque tissue. Windaus found striking increases of free and esterified cholesterol in plaque. That blood cholesterol and clinical disease might be related was reported in 1913 when 13 patients with atherosclerotic disease were found to have elevated blood cholesterol This state of knowledge coincided with nutritional animal experiments in which a rabbit model of atherosclerosis was developed in Russia between 1908 and 1913. This began with an experiment by Ignatowski who fed rabbits a diet rich in animal protein in the form of milk, eggs and meat. The idea, derived from Metchnikov, was that protein breakdown products would be toxic. The diet was atherogenic. The experimental result was confirmed by Fahr and in 1912-13 Stuckey and also Wessel kin showed that the atherogenic effect resided in the fatty aspect of the diet rather than its animal protein components. It remained for Anitschkow and Chalatow to produce in 1912-13 atherosclerosis in rabbits by feeding cholesterol dissolved in olive oil. A huge literature of animal experimentation takes its origin from Anitschkow's finding. Other animal models were developed including dogs, chickens, pigs, nonhuman primates and even cell and tissue culture surrogates. Investigators used the model to 2
The list of books you might like
