Nutrition and AIDS, Second Edition (Modern Nutrition)

250 Pages·2000·2.16 MB·English

by  Ronald Ross Watson

and
Second Edition
CRC SERIES IN
MODERN NUTRITION
Edited by Ira Wolinsky and James F. Hickson, Jr.
Published Titles
Manganese in Health and Disease, Dorothy J. Klimis-Tavantzis
Nutrition and AIDS: Effects and Treatments, Ronald R. Watson
Nutrition Care for HIV-Positive Persons: A Manual for Individuals and Their Caregivers,
Saroj M. Bahl and James F. Hickson, Jr.
Calcium and Phosphorus in Health and Disease, John J.B. Anderson and
Sanford C. Garner
Edited by Ira Wolinsky
Published Titles
Handbook of Nutrition in the Aged, Ronald R. Watson
Practical Handbook of Nutrition in Clinical Practice, Donald F. Kirby
and Stanley J. Dudrick
Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition, Gregory D. Miller, Judith K. Jarvis,
and Lois D. McBean
Advanced Nutrition: Macronutrients, Carolyn D. Berdanier
Childhood Nutrition, Fima Lifschitz
Nutrition and Health: Topics and Controversies, Felix Bronner
Nutrition and Cancer Prevention, Ronald R. Watson and Siraj I. Mufti
Nutritional Concerns of Women, Ira Wolinsky and Dorothy J. Klimis-Tavantzis
Nutrients and Gene Expression: Clinical Aspects, Carolyn D. Berdanier
Antioxidants and Disease Prevention, Harinda S. Garewal
Advanced Nutrition: Micronutrients, Carolyn D. Berdanier
Nutrition and Women’s Cancers, Barbara Pence and Dale M. Dunn
Nutrients and Foods in AIDS, Ronald R. Watson
Nutrition: Chemistry and Biology, Second Edition, Julian E. Spallholz,
L. Mallory Boylan, and Judy A. Driskell
Melatonin in the Promotion of Health, Ronald R. Watson
Nutritional and Environmental Influences on the Eye, Allen Taylor
Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, Second Edition,
H.E. Sauberlich
Advanced Human Nutrition, Robert E.C. Wildman and Denis M. Medeiros
Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition, Second Edition, Gregory D. Miller,
Judith K. Jarvis, and Lois D. McBean
Nutrition in Space Flight and Weightlessness Models, Helen W. Lane
and Dale A. Schoeller
Eating Disorders in Women and Children: Prevention, Stress Management,
and Treatment, Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb
Childhood Obesity: Prevention and Treatment, Jana Parízková and Andrew Hills
Alcohol and Substance Abuse in the Aging, Ronald R. Watson
Handbook of Nutrition and the Aged, Third Edition, Ronald R. Watson
Vegetables, Fruits, and Herbs in Health Promotion, Ronald R. Watson
Nutrition and AIDS, Second Edition, Ronald R. Watson
Forthcoming Titles
Nutritional Anemias, Usha Ramakrishnan
Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man,
Malcolm Jackson and Nicola Lowe
Handbook of Nutrition for Vegetarians, Joan Sabate and Rosemary A. Ratzin-Tuner
Tryptophan: Biochemicals and Health Implications, Herschel Sidransky
Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Robert E. C. Wildman
The Mediterranean Diet, Antonia L. Matalas, Antonios Zampelas, Vasilis Stavrinos,
and Ira Wolinsky
Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Nutritional Supplements and Pharmaceuticals,
Robert E. C. Wildman
Inulin and Oligofructose: Functional Food Ingredients, Marcel B. Roberfroid
Micronutrients and HIV Infection, Henrik Friis
Nutrition Gene Interactions in Health and Disease, Niama M. Moussa
and Carolyn D. Berdanier
0272/frame/FM Page 4 Tuesday, August 22, 2000 2:17 PM
and
Second Edition
Edited by
Ronald R. Watson
CRC Press
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nutrition and AIDS Ronald R. Watson, editor.— 2nd ed.
p. cm. — (Modern nutrition)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-0272-2 (alk. paper)
1. AIDS (Disease) — Nutritional aspects. 2. Dietary supplements. I. Watson, Ronald R.
(Ronald Ross) II. Modern nutrition (Boca Raton, Fla.)
RC607.A26 .N885 2000
616.97′92—dc21 00-056462
CIP
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Library of Congress Card Number 00-056462
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
Series Preface for Modern Nutrition
The CRC Series in Modern Nutrition is dedicated to providing the widest pos-
sible coverage of topics in nutrition. Nutrition is an interdisciplinary, interprofes-
sional field par excellence. It is noted by its broad range and diversity. We trust the
titles and authorship in this series will reflect that range and diversity.
Published for a broad audience, the volumes in the CRC Series in Modern
Nutrition are designed to explain, review, and explore present knowledge and recent
trends, developments, and advances in nutrition. As such, they will appeal to pro-
fessionals as well as to the educated layman. The format for the series will vary
with the needs of the author and the topic, including, but not limited to, edited
volumes, monographs, handbooks, and texts.
We welcome the contribution of the second edition of Nutrition and AIDS by
Ronald R. Watson. The first edition was very well received indeed by the relevant
scientific community. Science does not stand still, and with the rapid expansion of
knowledge in the field, a second, updated and expanded edition was needed. The
book summarizes the knowledge of how nutrition cofactors can modify the physi-
ology and immunology of HIV-infected individuals. Once a phenomenon is under-
stood, at least in part, it can be manipulated, the aim of experimental therapeutics.
Ira Wolinsky, Ph.D.
University of Houston
Series Editor

Preface
In May of 1999, the World Health Organization announced that AIDS was the
most deadly infectious disease worldwide. In addition it is now the fourth leading
cause of premature death in the U.S.A. A wide variety of retroviruses infects a broad
spectrum of animals, including HIV-1 which infects humans. Progression to disease,
ARC or AIDS, seems variable in humans. In Africa, where nutritional problems are
widespread, progression is accelerated. The reasons for the large differences in the
rates of progression to disease in adults after infection are unclear. The hypotheses
that various foods, nutrients, and nutrient deficiencies affect this process offer oppor-
tunities for lifestyle changes to influence progression to AIDS.
Clearly, immunosuppressive conditions like protein malnutrition or low selenium
intake reduce resistance to some pathogens, while high intakes of vitamins stimulate
immune functions, increasing resistance to infection. Dietary cofactors offer avenues
to attack retroviral diseases and serve as tools to understand the mechanisms of
action. As we develop greater knowledge of how nutrients modify the physiology
and immunology of HIV-1-infected individuals, we will better understand retrovi-
ruses and their roles in immunosuppression.
It is now timely to look at dietary materials, supplements, and foods that may
benefit or treat AIDS as well as nutrient deficiencies that may accelerate progression
to AIDS and death. As HIV infection progresses to AIDS and death, a significant
component is undernutrition. Starvation works as a potent immunosuppressant.
Nutritional supports could thus help maintain health in the HIV-infected patient
by repleting lost nutrients, compensating for nutritional damage done by the retro-
virus-induced immunodeficiency, and stimulating the remaining immune system and
cells for better host defenses. Unconventional dietary therapies are being used by
AIDS patients.
The goal of this book is to define recent advances in understanding the nutritional
deficiencies of AIDS patients and explore the ways nutritional and dietary changes
and herbal medicines benefit or harm them. A large variety of alternative herbal and
dietary remedies have been proposed, and some have been tested in animals and people
to stimulate immune defenses or compensate for changes induced by HIV infection.
Animal models are clearly useful in testing novel remedies. Conversely, a number of
drugs and ingested and inhaled substances such as cocaine, alcohol, and other immu-
nosuppressive compounds can adversely impact damaged immune systems.
The overall goal of this book is to provide the most current, concise scientific
appraisal of the efficacy of nutrients, foods, and herbal (alternative) medicines in
preventing or treating AIDS and its symptoms and improving the quality of life.