Nutrition: A Handbook for Community Nurses PDF
Preview Nutrition: A Handbook for Community Nurses
Nutrition: A Handbook for Community Nurses JUDY BUTTRISS SARA STANNER AMANDA WYNNE WHURR PUBLISHERS Buttriss 2nd crc 13/7/01 3:09 PM Page i Nutrition A Handbook for Community Nurses This page intentionally left blank Buttriss 2nd crc 13/7/01 3:09 PM Page iii Nutrition A Handbook for Community Nurses JUDYBUTTRISSPhD, SRD, RPHNutr Science Director, British Nutrition Foundation AMANDAWYNNEBSc, MSc, PGDipDiet, SRD and SARASTANNERBSc(Hons), MSc, RPHNutr Nutrition Scientist British Nutrition Foundation SERIESEDITOR MARILYNEDWARDSBSC(Hons), SRN, FETC Specialist Practitioner, General Practice Nursing, Bilbrook Medical Centre, Staffordshire W WHUR R PUBL ISHER S LONDON AND P HILADELPHIA Buttriss 2nd crc 13/7/01 3:09 PM Page iv © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd First published 2001 by Whurr Publishers Ltd 19b Compton Terrace London N1 2UN England and 325 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia PA 19106 USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Whurr Publishers Limited. This publication is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed upon any subsequent purchaser. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 86156 216 0 Printed and bound in the UK by Athenaeum Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear. Buttriss 2nd crc 13/7/01 3:09 PM Page v Contents Series Preface vii Introduction 1 Background 1 Current health targets – Saving Lives:Our Healthier Nation 2 Nutritional issues highlighted in Saving Lives:Our Healthier Nation 3 Contents 7 Chapter 1 A healthy diet 9 Dietary reference values 10 The components of a healthy diet 22 Food processing 28 Nutrition labelling 30 Functional foods 33 Chapter 2 Nutrients and health 35 Fibre 35 Sugar 36 Fat 36 Other nutrients and phytochemicals 40 Chapter 3 Nutrition through life 51 Nutrition and preconception 51 Nutrition and pregnancy 53 Nutrition and breast-feeding 61 Weaning 67 Nutrition and preschool children 77 v Buttriss 2nd crc 13/7/01 3:09 PM Page vi vi Nutrition: A Handbook for Community Nurses Nutrition and primary schoolchildren 80 Nutrition and teenagers 87 Nutrition and women of child-bearing age 97 Nutrition and men 102 Nutrition and the menopause 107 Ethnic minority groups 109 Low-income groups: eating healthily on a tight budget 112 Nutrition and older people 118 Chapter 4 Nutrition and the prevention/treatment of diseases 127 Coronary heart disease (CHD) 128 Cancer 131 Obesity 132 Diabetes 138 Osteoporosis 140 Arthritis 141 Colds and flu 142 Vegetarianism 142 Allergy and intolerance 145 Special diets from the perspective of the community nurse 158 Chapter 5 Issues in the media 164 Dieting and weight loss 165 Women’s issues 168 Functional foods 171 Protective substances in food and their impact on health 175 Food safety 179 Chapter 6 Assessing the quality of nutritional information 186 Assessing the validity of new research 186 Who to approach for detailed professional nutritional advice 192 References 194 Useful addresses 200 Index 203 Buttriss 2nd crc 13/7/01 3:09 PM Page vii Series Preface This series of handbooks has been devised to help community nurses answer commonly asked questions. Many of the questions are asked by patients, others by colleagues. The books have been written by specialists, and although they are not intended as full clinical texts, they are fully referenced from current evidence to validate the content. The purpose of each handbook is to provide ‘facts at the fingertips’, so that trawling through textbooks is not needed. This is achieved through the question and answer format, with cross refer- encing between sections. Where further information may be required, the reader is referred to specific texts. Many patients want some control over their illnesses, and use the internet to access infor- mation. The useful address sections include website addresses to share with both patients and colleagues. It is hoped that these handy reference books will answer most everyday questions. If there are areas which you feel have been neglected, please let us know for future editions. Mandy Edwards vii This page intentionally left blank Buttriss 2nd crc 13/7/01 3:09 PM Page 1 Introduction It has long been recognised that achieving optimal health involves more than just preventing disease. To achieve optimal health status, and reduce chances of early death and ill-health, it is important to follow a healthy balanced diet, to stay fit and active, to avoid smok- ing and to moderate alcohol consumption. The government recognised, in Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation (Department of Health, 1999) (see page 2), that public health is an important consideration and that nurses, midwives and health visi- tors can play a crucial role in promoting good health. Relevant aspects of this strategy paper are discussed below, and a strategy is being developed, which will help develop the public health aspects of the role of nurses (National Health Service Executive, 1999). There is clearly a key role for nurses and other health professionals to promote positive and practical dietary messages, to help people to improve the balance of their nutritional intake and to implement a regimen of physical activity, in order to optimise health and well- being. In the future, there may also be a new role developed for nurses, namely specialist in public health, i.e. equivalent to a medically qualified consultant in terms of status. Background The importance of promoting good health through nutrition was recognised in Government policy in 1992, when the Health of the Nation White Paper (Department of Health, 1992) was launched. This paper set out plans to ‘add life to years and years to life’. This strategy was based on five priority areas: cancer; coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke; accidents; mental illness; and HIV/AIDS 1
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