Table Of Content

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-51521-1, 408 pages, 8.5 x 11, (2001) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll- free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This book plus thousands more are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition Committee on Animal Nutrition Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources National Research Council NATIONALACADEMYPRESS Washington, D.C. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html NATIONALACADEMYPRESS●2101ConstitutionAvenue,NW●Washington,D.C.20418 NOTICE: Theproject thatis thesubject ofthis reportwas approvedby theGoverning Boardof theNational ResearchCouncil,whosemembersaredrawnfromthecouncilsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,theNational AcademyofEngineering,andtheInstituteofMedicine.Themembersofthecommitteeresponsibleforthereport werechosenfortheirspecialcompetencesandwithregardforappropriatebalance. ThisstudywassupportedbytheAgriculturalResearchServiceoftheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureunder AgreementNo.59-32U4-5-6,theCenterforVeterinaryMedicineoftheU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHuman ServicesunderAgreementNo.R-13-FD01495,andtheAmericanFeedIndustryAssociation. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Nutrientrequirementsofdairycattle/SubcommitteeonDairyCattle Nutrition,CommitteeonAnimalNutrition,BoardonAgriculture,National ResearchCouncil.—7threv.ed. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences(p. ). ISBN0-309-06997-1 1.Dairycattle—Nutrition—Requirements.2.Dairycattle—Feeding andfeeds.I.NationalResearchCouncil(U.S.).SubcommitteeonDairy CattleNutrition. SF203.N883 2001 636.2(cid:2)13—dc21 00-012828 AdditionalcopiesofthisreportareavailablefromtheNationalAcademyPress,2101ConstitutionAvenue,N.W., Lockbox285,Washington,D.C.20055;(800)624-6242or(202)334-3313(intheWashingtonmetropolitanarea); Internet,http://www.nap.edu. Copyright2001bytheNationalAcademyofSciences.Allrightsreserved. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html The NationalAcademy ofSciences isa private,nonprofit, self-perpetuatingsociety ofdistinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to theiruseforthegeneralwelfare.UpontheauthorityofthechartergrantedtoitbytheCongressin1863,the Academyhasamandatethatrequiresittoadvisethefederalgovernmentonscientificandtechnicalmatters.Dr. BruceM.AlbertsispresidentoftheNationalAcademyofSciences. TheNationalAcademyofEngineeringwasestablishedin1964,underthecharteroftheNationalAcademy ofSciences,asaparallelorganizationofoutstandingengineers.Itisautonomousinitsadministrationandinthe selectionofitsmembers,sharingwiththeNationalAcademyofSciencestheresponsibilityforadvisingthefederal government.TheNationalAcademyofEngineeringalsosponsorsengineeringprogramsaimedatmeetingnational needs,encourageseducationandresearch,andrecognizesthesuperiorachievementsofengineers.Dr.William A.WulfispresidentoftheNationalAcademyofEngineering. TheInstituteofMedicinewasestablishedin1970bytheNationalAcademyofSciencestosecuretheservices ofeminentmembersofappropriateprofessionsintheexaminationofpolicymatterspertainingtothehealthof thepublic.TheInstituteactsundertheresponsibilitygiventotheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyitscongressional chartertobeanadvisertothefederalgovernmentand,uponitsowninitiative,toidentifyissuesofmedicalcare, research,andeducation.Dr.KennethI.ShineispresidentoftheInstituteofMedicine. TheNationalResearchCouncilwasorganizedbytheNationalAcademyofSciencesin1916toassociatethe broadcommunityofscienceandtechnologywiththeAcademy’spurposesoffurtheringknowledgeandadvising thefederalgovernment.FunctioninginaccordancewithgeneralpoliciesdeterminedbytheAcademy,theCouncil hasbecometheprincipaloperatingagencyofboththeNationalAcademyofSciencesandtheNationalAcademy ofEngineeringinprovidingservicestothegovernment,thepublic,andthescientificandengineeringcommunities. TheCouncilisadministeredjointlybybothAcademiesandtheInstituteofMedicine.Dr.BruceM.Albertsand Dr.WilliamA.Wulfarechairmanandvicechairman,respectively,oftheNationalResearchCouncil. iii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html SUBCOMMITTEE ON DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION JIMMY H. CLARK, Chair, University of Illinois DAVID K. BEEDE, Michigan State University RICHARD A. ERDMAN, University of Maryland JESSE P. GOFF, USDA/ARS/NSDC, Ames, Iowa RIC R. GRUMMER, University of Wisconsin JAMES G. LINN, University of Minnesota ALICE N. PELL, Cornell University CHARLES G. SCHWAB, University of New Hampshire TREVOR TOMKINS, Milk Specialties Company GABRIELLA A. VARGA, Pennsylvania State University WILLIAM P. WEISS, The Ohio State University COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION GARY L. CROMWELL, Chair, University of Kentucky MARY E. ALLEN, National Zoological Park MICHAEL L. GALYEAN, Texas Tech University RONALD W. HARDY, University of Idaho BRIAN W. McBRIDE, University of Guelph KEITH E. RINEHART, Perdue Farms Inc. L. LEE SOUTHERN, Louisiana State University JERRY W. SPEARS, North Carolina State University DONALD R. TOPLIFF, West Texas A&M University WILLIAM P. WEISS, The Ohio State University Staff CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER, Program Director NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Editor STEPHANIE PADGHAM, Project Assistant MELINDA SIMONS, Project Assistant* *throughJanuary1999 v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES HARLEY W. MOON, Chair, Iowa State University DAVID H. BAKER, University of Illinois MAY R. BERENBAUM, University of Illinois CORNELIA B. FLORA, Iowa State University ROBERT T. FRALEY, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri ROBERT B. FRIDLEY, University of California, Davis W.R. (REG) GOMES, University of California PERRY R. HAGENSTEIN, Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy, Wayland, Massachusetts GEORGE R. HALLBERG, The Cadmus Group, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts CALESTOUS JUMA, Harvard University GILBERT A. LEVEILLE, McNeil Consumer Healthcare, Denville, New Jersey WHITNEY MACMILLAN, Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota (retired) WILLIAM L. OGREN, U.S. Department of Agriculture (retired) NANCY J. RACHMAN, Novigen Sciences, Inc., Washington, District of Columbia G. EDWARD SCHUH, University of Minnesota JOHN W. SUTTIE, University of Wisconsin THOMAS N. URBAN, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Des Moines, Iowa (retired) ROBERT P. WILSON, Mississippi State University JAMES J. ZUICHES, Washington State University Staff WARREN MUIR, Executive Director DAVID L. MEEKER, Director CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER, Associate Director SHIRLEY B. THATCHER, Administrative Assistant vi Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html Preface Dairy cattle production is an important component of requirements, we believed that we had a responsibility to the food industry. Nutrition is a key factor in the perfor- move the science forward, so we included a model that mance,health,andwelfareofdairycattle.Giventhelarge was constructed on a substantial amount of data. We variationindairycattletypesandthevariousenvironments believe that the model builds on the work of previous inwhichtheyaremaintained,producersmustincreasingly Research Council committees andmoves the science for- concern themselves with optimizing feeding programs. wardwithoutreachingsofarthatestimatescannotbevali- To that end, the Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutri- dated.Wefoundthatanabundanceofnewscience-based tion, which was appointed in 1997 under the guidance knowledgehadsurfacedsincethelastedition,butwealso of the Committee on Animal Nutrition in the National found that our knowledge of many aspects of dairy cattle Research Council’s Board on Agriculture and Natural nutrition is incomplete; we chose not to venture too far from what our knowledge base would allow. Resources,embarkedonamonumentaltaskinthedevel- Indevelopingthisreport,thesubcommitteeconsidered opmentofaneweditionofNutrientRequirementsofDairy currentissuesindairycattleproductioninasmuchasthey Cattle. As we conducted our work, it was our desire to affect nutrient requirements and animal feeding manage- provide users of this volume an accurate, comprehensive, ment,includingnewemphasisonenvironmentalconsider- and useful review of the scientific literature and practical ations in the feeding of dairy cattle. We have attempted experiencesthathaveshapedourknowledgeofdairycattle in this new edition to focus more than in the past on nutrition over the past decade. considerations and criteria for establishing nutrient We chose to provide both a written description of the requirements. biologic basis for predicting nutrient requirements and a Thisstudywasconductedthroughtheconcertedefforts computer model on a compact disk to use for estimating of the members of the Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle requirements of lactating, nonlactating, growing, and Nutrition.Webeganour3-yeartaskin1997andcompleted young dairy animals. The subcommittee recognizes that thisvolumein2000.Wehopethatitwillbeusedwiththe some users of this revision will prefer to apply tables of samepassionandenthusiasmwithwhichitwasdeveloped. requirements for an average situation, and we have attemptedtoprovidethosetables.Althoughthereisoften JIMMY H. CLARK, Chair uncertaintyusingamodelingapproachtoestimatenutrient Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition vii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.html Acknowledgments A volume of this magnitude represents the combined Thisreporthasbeenreviewedindraftformbyindividu- efforts of many individuals. The subcommittee thanks all als chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical those who shared their insights and knowledge to bring expertise,inaccordancewithproceduresapprovedbythe this document to fruition. We would first like to thank NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this everyone who participated in our public sessions and the independentreviewistoprovidecandidandcriticalcom- specialsessionsthatwereorganizedforourbenefitduring mentsthatwillassisttheinstitutioninmakingitspublished theAmericanDairyScienceAssociationmeetingsoverthe report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report past several years. meetsinstitutionalstandardsforobjectivity,evidence,and Duringthecourseofitsdeliberations,thesubcommittee responsivenesstothestudycharge.Thereviewcomments sought advice and special assistance from several people and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the whogavegenerouslyoftheirtimetohelpuscompleteour integrityofthedeliberativeprocess.Wewishtothankthe task.VeryspecialthanksareduetoCarlDavis,University followingindividualsfortheirreviewofthisreport:R.Lee ofIllinois;JimDrackley,UniversityofIllinois;GaleBate- Baldwin, University of California, Davis; Paul Chandler, man,UniversityofIllinois;DannyFox,CornellUniversity; ChandlerAssociates;LarryChase,CornellUniversity;Jud Brian Garthwaite, Food and Drug Administration; and Heinrichs,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity;RogerHemken, Normand St. Pierre, Ohio State University. We are UniversityofKentucky;AloisKertz,AgriBrandsInterna- extremely indebted to them. In addition, we sought and tional; David Mertens, U.S. Department of Agriculture receivedguidanceearlyonfromR.LeeBaldwin,Univer- DairyForageResearchCenter;JerryOlson,Universityof sityofCalifornia,Davis;MarkHanigan,PurinaMills,Inc.; Minnesota; Leo Timms, Iowa State University; Michael Rick Kohn, University of Maryland; and Dale Waldo, VanAmburgh,CornellUniversity;HaroldVanHorn,Uni- U. S. Department of Agriculture (retired). versityofFlorida;andMichaelVandeHaar,MichiganState The expertise of Vajesh Durbal, Cornell University, is University. Although the reviewerslisted above have pro- gratefullyacknowledged.Hewasinstrumentalinprogram- vided many constructive comments and suggestions, they mingthecomputermodel,andwecouldnothaveaccom- werenotaskedtoendorsetheconclusionsorrecommenda- plished what we did without his skill and patience. tionsnordidtheyseethefinaldraftofthereportbeforeits The subcommittee is grateful to members of the release.ThereviewofthisreportwasoverseenbyMichael National Research Council staff who worked diligently to Galyean,TexasTechUniversity,appointedbytheCommit- maintain progress and quality in our work. Through her tee on Animal Nutrition, and Robert Wilson, Mississippi dedication,guidance,andskill,CharlotteKirkBaertrans- State University, appointed by the Board on Agriculture formed our spirited verbal pondering and imperfect writ- andNaturalResources.Theseindividualswereresponsible tendraftsintoacomprehensivereport.StephaniePadgham for making certain that an independent examination of provided able assistance and much-needed momentum thisreportwascarriedoutinaccordancewithinstitutional during thefinal stages ofour study. MelindaSimons sup- procedures and that all review comments were carefully portedallofuscheerfullyandeffectivelyduringtheearly considered. Responsibility for the final content of this phases of the study and Laura Boschini shared her skills reportrestsentirelywiththeauthoringsubcommitteeand in preparing the report for publication. the institution. ix Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.