Nutrient flow in improved upland aquaculture systems in Yen Chau, province Son La

179 Pages·2014·2.08 MB·English

Nutrient flow in improved upland
aquaculture systems in Yen Chau,
province Son La (Vietnam)

Dissertation, 2014, Johannes Gregor Pucher
Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics
Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics
Prof. Dr. Ulfert Focken

Nutrient flow in improved upland aquaculture systems in Yen Chau,
province Son La (Vietnam)

Dissertation

submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
“Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften”
(Dr. sc. Agr. / Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences)

to the
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
University of Hohenheim

presented by

Johannes Gregor Pucher
Hannover, Germany
2014
This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” (Dr. sc. Agr. / Ph. D. in Agricultural Sciences) by
the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the University of Hohenheim, on August 25th, 2014.

Day of oral examination: October 1st, 2014

Examination Committee:
Head of Committee: Prof. Dr. Thilo Streck
1st examiner and reviewer: Prof. Dr. Ulfert Focken
2nd examiner and reviewer: Prof. Dr. Mansour El-Matbouli
3rd examiner: Prof. Dr. Georg Cadisch

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Table of contents
1 General introduction………………….……………………………………….. 1
2 Pesticide contaminated feeds in integrated grass carp aquaculture: Toxicology
and bio-accumulation………………………………………………………….. 15
3 Effects of modified pond management on limnological parameters in small-
scale aquaculture ponds in mountainous northern Vietnam…………………… 31
4 Pond management strategies for small-scale aquaculture in northern Vietnam:
Fish production and economic performance…………………………………… 51
5 15N tracer application to evaluate nitrogen dynamics of food webs in two
subtropical small-scale aquaculture ponds under different
managements…………………………………………………………………… 69
6 Earthworm meal as fishmeal replacement in plant based feeds for common carp
in semi-intensive aquaculture in rural northern Vietnam……………………… 87
7 Improved sustainable aquaculture systems for small-scale farmers in northern
Vietnam…………………………………………………………….................... 103
8 General discussion……………………………………………………………... 139
9 Summary………………………………………………………………………. 163
10 Zusammenfassung…………………………………………………………….. 165
11 Appendix………………………………………………………………………. 167

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Acknowledgement
First of all, I want to thank Prof. Ulfert Focken for giving me the opportunity to pursue my PhD
under his guidance. His extensive knowledge and experience in field research guided me
through the period of data collection in Vietnam and has been a constant source of ideas and
suggestions for accomplishing this work. As examination committee, I am thanking Prof.
Mansour El-Matbouli for his support during my work and Prof. Georg Cadisch for his valuable
advises during the fieldwork in Vietnam and in completing the work in Hohenheim.
Especially, I want to thank my colleagues Thomas Gut, Nadja Reinhardt, Michael Hagemann,
Nguyen Thanh, Richard Mayrhofer, Thea Nielsen, Hanne Slaets, Volker Häring, Susanne Ufer
and all others from the SFB who collaborated with me in Vietnam. These colleagues not only
became valuable people in conducting, discussing and integrating my research but also became
close friends. Further, I want to thank Hung, Hung, Chuyen and my other Vietnamese friends,
interpreters, bachelor students and field assistants without whom the performance of the
research could not have been realized. Special thanks go to my former bachelor student Trinh
Thi Hanh Yen and master student Laxman Acharya for their close collaboration in conducting
two experiment being part of this dissertation. All these people made me feel home in Vietnam.
Especially, I want to thank all the Black Thai farmers who allowed me to use their ponds for
my research and made me feel welcome in their families. This close contact permitted me not
only a more complete understanding of their aquaculture and farming system but also of their
lives, interests and wishes.
Special thanks goes to Dr. Silke Steinbronn and Dr. Tuan Nguyen Ngoc who intensively
introduced me into the topic and helped me through the entire course of my research period. I
am further thanking Kim Van Van and the entire aquaculture working group at the Hanoi
University of Agriculture for their support in getting assess to suitable feed resources and
experimental material.
I am thanking Peter and Kate Lawrence for the critically reading and language editing of all the
presented publications included in this thesis. Their humorous way helped manifold to
withstand unfavourable situations. In addition, I am thanking Prof. Becker, Timo Stadtlander,
Alexander Greiling, Herrmann Baumgärtner, Beatrix Fischer, Sabine Nugent and all other
colleagues from the institute for their warm welcome and great help in the laboratory during
my working periods at Hohenheim.
Finally yet importantly, I am thanking Anna Bürger for her wonderful support and patience
with me all the time and my family for their constant encouragement.
I want to acknowledge the financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG)
within the Uplands Program (SFB 564) for conducting the three years of research and
presentation of the results on many conferences as well as Deutsche Akademische
Austauschdienst (DAAD) for travel finances.

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Abbreviations
AChE Acetyl-cholinesterase
ADF Acid detergent fiber
ADP Adenosindiphosphate
AFD Average farm dose
AI Active ingredient
ALC Apparent lipid conversion
ANOVA analysis of variance
ATP Adenosintriphosphate
BChE Butyl-cholinesterase
CyHV-3 Koi carp herpes virus
CA Crude ash
ChE Cholinesterase
CL Crude lipid
CP Crude protein
CPI Consumer price index
DFG Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
DM Dry matter
DO Dissolved oxygen
DT Degradation half-life time
50
EE Ether extract
e.g. exempli gratia
E Redox potential
H
esp. especially
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FCR Feed conversion ratio
FM Fresh matter
FNU Formazine Nephelometric Units
g gravity acceleration
GCHV Grass carp hemorrhagic virus
GE Gross energy
His Histidine
HK Hexokinase
Ile Isoleucine
K Log octanol-water partition coefficient
ow
LC Lethal concentration
50
LDS Fisher´s least significant difference
Leu Leucine
Lig Lignin
Lys Lysine
m Mass
Met Methionine
MJ Mega joule
MLR Maximum residue levels
n number of sampled subjects
v
N Nitrogen
NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
n.d. Not detected
NDF Neutral detergent fiber
N Dissolved nitrogen
diss
NO -N Nitrite nitrogen
2
NO -N Nitrate nitrogen
3
NOEC No observed effects concentrations
OP Organophosphate pesticides
Org. Organisms
p Significance level
P Phosphorus
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PER Protein efficiency ratio
Phe Phenylalanine
PO -P Ortho-phosphate phosphorus
4
PPV Protein productive value
PVC polyvinyl chloride
RIA 1 Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1
PNEC Predicted no effect concentration
rpm Rounds per minute
RSD Red spot disease
SD Standard deviation
SDD Secchi disc depth
SFB Sonderforschungbereich
SGR Specific growth rate
SRS Self-recruiting species
SS Combustible suspended solids
com
SS Incombustible suspended solids
income
TAN Total ammonia nitrogen
TC Total carbon
Thr Threonine
TI Trypsin-Inhibitor
TN Total nitrogen
Trp Tryptophan
TNER Total nitrogen efficiency ratio
TNPV Total nitrogen productive value
TP Total phosphorus
TPER Total phosphorus efficiency ratio
TPPV Total phosphorus productive value
TSS Total suspended solids
TSS Organic fraction of TSS
org
TSS Inorganic fraction of TSS
inorg
TV Television
UIA-N Unionized ammonia nitrogen
vi
USD US dollar
v Volume
VAC Vietnamese acronym combining garden, fishpond and livestock pen
Val Valine
VND Vietnamese dong

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1 General introduction
1 General introduction
1.1 Contribution of aquaculture to global seafood supply
In human nutrition, fish and other aquatic products are an important source of high-value
protein, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. omega-3 fatty acids), vitamins
and minerals, and are fundamental to a well-balanced and healthy diet (FAO 2012). In 2009,
the global consumption of fish and other aquatic products provided 16.6% of the animal protein
intake of humans equivalent to 6.5% of their total protein intake (FAO 2012). Especially in
developing countries in South-East Asia and Central Africa, fish is a food item of very high
importance as it represents an affordable source of animal protein accounting for over 20% of
animal-derived protein intake (FAO 2005, 2012). Unsurprisingly therefore, there is an
increasing demand for aquatic foods due both to the increase in human population and the rising
consumption per capita.
Over the past decade, the amount of fish and other aquatic products landed globally from marine
and inland water bodies has been maintained at a relatively constant level of around 90 million
tons per year through the utilisation of ever more effective fishing gear and landing
technologies, and by the overexploitation of several natural stocks (Pauly 2009; FAO 2012).
Marine capture fisheries are the main suppliers to world markets of piscivorous/carnivorous
food fish species at higher trophic level (pollock, tuna, cod, hake, drums, croakers, snappers,
groupers, flatfish, breams, basses, etc.), mollusc species (squid, cuttlefish, octopus) and
crustaceans (shrimp, lobsters, crabs) (Tacon et al. 2010; Neori and Nobre 2012). The trophic
level of an organism is describing its position in a food chain and ranges from 1 (primary
producers) to 4-5 (top predators). However, the increasing demand for aquatic products cannot
be satisfied by such fisheries, which has resulted in a steady proliferation of production by
aquaculture over the last few decades.
The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) defines aquaculture as
“…farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants.
Farming implies some sort of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such
as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc….” (FAO 1997, p. 6). According to
the FAO, global aquaculture production reached 83.7 million tons including aquatic plants, and
62.7 million tons excluding aquatic plants in 2011 (FAO 2011). Within the last three decades,
global aquaculture production of food fish has increased steadily with an average annual rise of
8.8% and is therefore the fastest growing agricultural sector (FAO 2012). Since 2009, more
than half of the fish being consumed worldwide has been produced by aquaculture (Naylor et
al. 2009).
Aquaculture production techniques differ greatly with regard to the intensity of production. The
intensity can be classified according to the yield per area or volume of water, the stocking
density, level of management/technical requirements, capital and recurring costs, labour
requirement, quantity and quality of external feed/fertiliser inputs, risk of diseases or technical
failure, and degree of dependency on natural food resources (Edwards et al. 1988; Tacon 1988;
Prein 2002). In general, aquaculture is classified into three intensities:
Extensive aquaculture: Fish mainly from lower trophic levels are grown solely on natural food
resources (e.g. bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos, detritus, prey fish) without
1