Nutraceuticals and Human Health: The Food-to-supplement Paradigm

252 Pages·2020·3.342 MB·English

by  Paul A. Spagnuolo

Nutraceuticals and Human Health
The Food-to-supplement Paradigm
Food Chemistry, Function and Analysis
Series editors:
Gary Williamson, University of Leeds, UK
Alejandro G. Marangoni, University of Guelph, Canada
Juliet A. Gerrard, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Titles in the series:
1: Food Biosensors
2: Sensing Techniques for Food Safety and Quality Control
3: Edible Oil Structuring: Concepts, Methods and Applications
4: Food Irradiation Technologies: Concepts, Applications and Outcomes
5: Non-extractable Polyphenols and Carotenoids: Importance in Human
Nutrition and Health
6: Cereal Grain-based Functional Foods: Carbohydrate and Phytochemical
Components
7:SteviolGlycosides:Cultivation,Processing,AnalysisandApplicationsinFood
8: Legumes: Nutritional Quality, Processing and Potential Health Benefits
9: Tomato Chemistry, Industrial Processing and Product Development
10: Food Contact Materials Analysis: Mass Spectrometry Techniques
11: Vitamin E: Chemistry and Nutritional Benefits
12: Anthocyanins from Natural Sources: Exploiting Targeted Delivery for
Improved Health
13:CarotenoidEstersinFoods:Physical,ChemicalandBiologicalProperties
14: Eggs as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals for Human Health
15: Rapid Antibody-based Technologies in Food Analysis
16:DNATechniquestoVerifyFoodAuthenticity:ApplicationsinFoodFraud
17: Advanced Gas Chromatography in Food Analysis
18: Handbook of Food Structure Development
19: Mitigating Contamination from Food Processing
20: Biogenic Amines in Food: Analysis, Occurrence and Toxicity
21: Nutrition and Cancer Prevention: From Molecular Mechanisms to
Dietary Recommendations
22: Health Claims and Food Labelling
23: Nutraceuticals and Human Health: The Food-to-supplement Paradigm
How to obtain future titles on publication:
Astandingorderplanisavailableforthisseries.Astandingorderwillbring
delivery of each new volume immediately on publication.
For further information please contact:
BookSalesDepartment,RoyalSocietyofChemistry,ThomasGrahamHouse,
Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK
Telephone: þ44 (0)1223 420066, Fax: þ44 (0)1223 420247,
Email: [email protected]
Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books
Nutraceuticals and Human
Health
The Food-to-supplement Paradigm
Edited by
Paul A. Spagnuolo
University of Guelph, Canada
Email: [email protected]
FoodChemistry,FunctionandAnalysisNo.23
PrintISBN:978-1-78801-416-8
PDFISBN:978-1-83916-057-8
EPUBISBN:978-1-83916-058-5
PrintISSN:2398-0656
ElectronicISSN:2398-0664
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2020
Allrightsreserved
Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor
privatestudy,criticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatents
Act1988andtheCopyrightandRelatedRightsRegulations2003,thispublicationmaynot
bereproduced,storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withouttheprior
permissioninwritingofTheRoyalSocietyofChemistryorthecopyrightowner,orinthe
caseofreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyright
LicensingAgencyintheUK,orinaccordancewiththetermsofthelicencesissuedbythe
appropriateReproductionRightsOrganizationoutsidetheUK.Enquiriesconcerning
reproductionoutsidethetermsstatedhereshouldbesenttoTheRoyalSocietyof
Chemistryattheaddressprintedonthispage.
Whilstthismaterialhasbeenproducedwithallduecare,TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry
cannotbeheldresponsibleorliableforitsaccuracyandcompleteness,norforany
consequencesarisingfromanyerrorsortheuseoftheinformationcontainedinthis
publication.Thepublicationofadvertisementsdoesnotconstituteanyendorsementby
TheRoyalSocietyofChemistryorAuthorsofanyproductsadvertised.Theviewsand
opinionsadvancedbycontributorsdonotnecessarilyreflectthoseofTheRoyalSocietyof
Chemistrywhichshallnotbeliableforanyresultinglossordamagearisingasaresultof
relianceuponthismaterial.
TheRoyalSocietyofChemistryisacharity,registeredinEnglandandWales,
Number207890,andacompanyincorporatedinEnglandbyRoyalCharter
(RegisteredNo.RC000524),registeredoffice:BurlingtonHouse,Piccadilly,
LondonW1J0BA,UK,Telephone:þ44(0)2074378656.
Visitourwebsiteatwww.rsc.org/books
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY,UK
Preface
On my first day as an Assistant Professor, I was tasked with designing a
brand new course. With absolutely no idea or training on how to do that I
thought–theremustbeatextbookonthesubject.Longstoryshort,Ididnot
find what I was looking for. Fast forward several years later and now an
Associate Professor at a different institution, I still find myself looking
for that textbook. Having been co-instructor for an upper-year course in
Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals for several years now, I constantly find
myselfscramblingtofindrelevant,high-qualityandup-to-dateresearchthat
will help to explain the convoluted and often frustrating world of dietary-
supplements/nutraceuticals.Thisdrovemetoputtogetherthatelusivebook
that I had been searching for.
Iwantedtodosomethingthatcoveredallaspectsofnutraceuticals.Iwanted
it to be more than just a resource that helps to uncover the fundamental
questionthatthoseofuswhotakesupplementsask–willitactuallyhelpme?
Or, in more appropriate terms, what is the evidence that supports its use?
Whilefundamentalandoverarching,thisparticularquestionoftenneglectsa
number of facets of this topic and overlooks key areas that are central to the
quality of the actual product. Research summarizing whether a product per-
forms according to the purported claims without question has merit, but
overlooks how the product goes from plant/food-to-pill, how processing can
alter bioactive structure and function, the regulations around claims and de-
velopment, and what happens when that pill finally gets consumed. All of
thesefactorsplayacrucialroleinansweringthatfundamentalquestion.Thus,
thepurposeofthisbookwasn’tjusttohelpmefindthatbook,butwasalsoto
create an ultimate resource that will help explain the full process by which
nutraceuticals go from plant or food to a health-improving pill.
Paul A. Spagnuolo
FoodChemistry,FunctionandAnalysisNo.23
NutraceuticalsandHumanHealth:TheFood-to-supplementParadigm
EditedbyPaulA.Spagnuolo
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2020
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
v
Dedication
To:
My nonni: Gennaro & Maria and Michele & Maria whose love, courage
and sacrifice enabled the opportunities afforded to me today. To my
parents and sister: Susan, Anthony and Laura who relentlessly
supported me every step of my journey.
For:
My wife and children, Christina, Jake and Siena who remind me every
day of the importance of love and laughter and my true purpose.
FoodChemistry,FunctionandAnalysisNo.23
NutraceuticalsandHumanHealth:TheFood-to-supplementParadigm
EditedbyPaulA.Spagnuolo
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2020
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vi
Contents
Chapter 1 Nutraceuticals 1
Paul A. Spagnuolo
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Nutraceuticals for Deficiency 2
1.3 Why are Nutraceuticals Needed? 2
1.4 Supplement Use 4
1.5 Product Development Considerations 4
1.6 Conclusion 5
References 5
Chapter 2 Regulation of Nutraceuticals in Canada and the United
States 7
PaulaN.Brown,MichaelChan,JosephM.Betz,MohdShahid,
Shawn Cannon, Jesmy Palissery and Melany P. Puglisi
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Overview of Nutraceuticals Regulation in Canada 8
2.2.1 Regulation of Nutraceuticals Considered
Food Products 8
2.2.2 Regulation of Nutraceuticals Considered
as Food Products with Health Claims 9
2.2.3 Regulation of Nutraceuticals Considered
as Drugs 10
2.2.4 Regulation of Nutraceuticals Considered
as Natural Health Products 10
2.2.5 Self-care Products Initiative 13
FoodChemistry,FunctionandAnalysisNo.23
NutraceuticalsandHumanHealth:TheFood-to-supplementParadigm
EditedbyPaulA.Spagnuolo
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2020
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii
viii Contents
2.3 Overview of Nutraceuticals Regulation in the
United States 13
2.3.1 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) and
the US Food and Drug Administration 14
2.3.2 Food Safety and Modernization Act 17
2.3.3 Dietary Supplement Health and Education
Act (DSHEA) 19
2.3.4 Botanical Drugs 23
2.4 Conclusion 23
References 24
Chapter 3 Effects of Growing Conditions on Plant Medicinal
Bioactives 27
Jillian A. Forsyth and Susan J. Murch
3.1 Plant Chemistry is the Source of Nutraceuticals 27
3.2 Plant Mechanisms for Perceiving the Environment 28
3.3 Climate Conditions Affect Medicinal
Phytochemistry 28
3.4 Melatonin and Serotonin in Nutraceuticals 29
3.5 Melatonin and Serotonin in Plants 31
3.6 Optimizing St. John’s Wort Medicinal Chemistry 33
3.7 Conclusions 36
References 36
Chapter 4 Extraction Technologies for Plant-derived Nutraceuticals
and Natural Health Products 41
Cory S. Harris, Terry Vanderheyden and John T. Arnason
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Plant Collection and Identity 42
4.3 Fresh, Fermented, Enzyme Treated or Dried
Plant Materials 44
4.4 Grinding and Sieving 45
4.5 Extraction Methods 45
4.5.1 Simple Solvent Extraction of Crude Extracts
for Bioassay Screening or Industrial Use 45
4.5.2 Targeted Extraction 46
4.5.3 Automated Solvent Extraction and
Subcritical Water Extractions 46
4.5.4 Supercritical Extraction 47
4.5.5 Steam Distillation 49
Contents ix
4.5.6 Cold Finger Extraction 49
4.5.7 Screw Press and Cold Press 49
4.5.8 Emerging Technologies 50
4.6 Drying of Extracts 50
4.7 Bioassay Guided Isolation of Active Principles 50
4.8 Standardization; Good Laboratory
Practices (GLP) 53
References 54
Chapter 5 Analytical Approaches for Characterization of Bioactives
in Plant-based Natural Health and Food Products 56
Michael Chan, Joseph M. Betz, Fiona J. M. Tymm and
Paula N. Brown
5.1 Introduction 56
5.1.1 Foods, Natural Health Products and
Nutraceuticals – Regulatory and/or Accepted
Definition 57
5.1.2 Definition of Bioactives in the Context of
Natural Health and Food Products 58
5.1.3 Potential Health Impact of Food/
Nutraceutical Bioactive Constituents 59
5.2 Analytical Testing of Nutraceuticals and Functional
Foods 60
5.2.1 Identification Methodologies 60
5.2.2 Purity Determination 64
5.2.3 Analysis of Active and Marker Compounds 65
5.3 Method Development and Validation 66
5.3.1 Method Optimization 67
5.3.2 Method Validation 68
5.3.3 Method Fitness of Purpose 69
5.4 Sources of Methods, Resources, and Best Practices 70
References 72
Chapter 6 Encapsulation of Nutraceuticals 79
April X. Xu, Elizabeth A. L. West and Michael A. Rogers
6.1 Classification of Bioactives and Nutraceuticals 79
6.1.1 Considerations in Bioactive Delivery 80
6.1.2 BiopharmaceuticsClassificationScheme(BCS) 81
6.1.3 Nutraceutical Bioavailability Classification
Scheme (NuBACS) 83