Numerically Modeling Structural Behavior of Precast Three-Sided Arch Bridges for Analysis and ...

98 Pages·2012·4.02 MB·English

Numerically Modeling Structural Behavior of Precast Three-Sided Arch Bridges for
Analysis and Design

by

Timothy Jared Jensen

A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of
Auburn University
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science

Auburn, Alabama
August 4, 2012

Keywords: numerical modeling, precast three-sided arch bridge

Copyright 2012 by Timothy Jared Jensen

Approved by

Justin D. Marshall, Chair, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering
Jeremy Brian Anderson, Co-chair, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Robert Barnes, James J. Mallett Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Abstract

Foley Products contracted with Auburn University to perform laboratory testing
and design validation of three-sided bottomless precast concrete structures being
produced. Tests performed included a field test on an active construction project, a
laboratory test of a 20 ft clear span structure, and a laboratory test of a 36 ft clear span
structure. The field test was performed in Midland, North Carolina on a 42 ft clear span
arch structure. The field test was a service load level test performed by backfilling around
the structure and driving a truck with a known weight over the bridge and stopping at
various locations. The 20 ft clear span and 36 ft clear span laboratory tests were
performed in the Auburn University Structural Research Laboratory. Gauges were
installed in these structures prior to casting so data could be collected during testing. In
both laboratory tests the structures were loaded to failure using hydraulic loading
actuators.
Following testing, the computer program SAP2000 was used to develop two
structural models. SAP2000 structural models of the 20 ft clear span structure as well as
the 36 ft clear span structure was developed to correlate results between the structural
analysis performed in SAP2000 and the data and results found during laboratory testing.
Nonlinear behavior was accounted for in analysis. Moment hinges were incorporated in
the structural model to correlate deflection magnitude in analysis to deflection
measurements in the laboratory testing.
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Once the SAP2000 structural models were developed and correlated well with the
laboratory test results, an evaluation of the design methodology in use by the designers of
the Foley Arch was carried out. A structural computer model was developed in RISA 3-D
by the designers and used in design of the structure to predict the point of maximum
moment. The RISA 3-D model used in design of the Foley Arch was compared to the
model developed in SAP2000 to evaluate how well the structure corresponded to the
behavior the designers expected.
It was found that the strength of the structures was adequate and that the design
methodology being used was reasonable and safe.
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Foley Products, Dr. Justin Marshall, Dr. Brian Anderson,
and Dr. Robert Barnes who have all been a source of knowledge and guidance throughout
this project and I thank them for giving me the opportunity to contribute to the research.
My research partner, Luke Meadows, has been a pleasure to work with and I wish him all
the best in his future pursuits. The entire Civil Engineering staff has provided me with
invaluable experience throughout the duration of my education; I respect and appreciate
the hard work and commitment to progress I have seen in the department.
I would also like to thank my parents. Since I was young, they have been
dedicated to raising me to appreciate the importance of my spirituality, setting priorities,
being disciplined, and remaining well rounded and balanced as I matured into an adult.
Their persistent efforts to instill these qualities in me coupled with their tremendous
example have given me an excellent model to follow as I live my life. Without their
support I would not have been able to accomplish what I have at Auburn University.
Finally, I extend my deepest appreciation to my loving wife, Meredith. She has
supported me in all that I have endeavored to accomplish and has been a tremendous
source of encouragement and support throughout my time at Auburn University.
Academic obligations and responsibilities have been a source of tremendous stress on
many occasions, but she has always been right by my side, ready and willing to support
me in any way. I love her and will forever appreciate all her love, support, and devotion.
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Table of Contents

Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. iv
List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix
Chapter 1 – Introduction and Background .........................................................................1
1.1 - Background ....................................................................................................1
1.2 – Project Objective ...........................................................................................1
1.3 – Project Scope ................................................................................................1
1.3.1 – Field Test .......................................................................................2
1.3.2 – Laboratory Tests ............................................................................3
1.3.3 – Computer Modeling and Design Methodology .............................5
1.4 – Outline of Thesis ...........................................................................................5
Chapter 2 – Literature Review ...........................................................................................8
2.1 – Precast Arch Structures .................................................................................8
2.2 – McGrath and Mastroianni .............................................................................9
2.3 – Zoghi and Farhey ........................................................................................11
2.4 – Zoghi and Hastings .....................................................................................12
2.5 – McGrath, Selig, and Beach .........................................................................13
2.6 – Beach ...........................................................................................................14
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2.7 – Summary .....................................................................................................15
Chapter 3 – Experimental Testing ...................................................................................16
3.1 – Introduction .................................................................................................16
3.2 – Field Test ....................................................................................................16
3.2.1 – Field Test Gauges ........................................................................16
3.2.2 – Field Test Loading .......................................................................18
3.2.3 – Field Test Results and Behavior ..................................................19
3.3 – Laboratory Tests .........................................................................................19
3.3.1 – Laboratory Test Gauges ...............................................................20
3.3.2 – Laboratory Test Loading Configuration ......................................26
3.3.3 – Lateral Soil Pressure Considerations ...........................................27
3.3.4 – Test Results and Behavior ...........................................................32
3.4 – Conclusions .................................................................................................36
Chapter 4 – Computer Modeling .....................................................................................37
4.1 – Introduction .................................................................................................37
4.2 – Geometric Properties ..................................................................................37
4.3 – Cross Sectional Element and Material Properties .......................................38
4.4 – Loading Configuration ................................................................................41
4.5 – Nonlinear Analysis ......................................................................................42
4.5.1 – User-Defined M3 Hinges .............................................................42
4.5.2 – Nonlinear Load Case ....................................................................50
4.6 – Model Analysis Results ..............................................................................54
4.7 – Conclusions .................................................................................................65
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Chapter 5 – Design Methodology ....................................................................................66
5.1 – Introduction .................................................................................................66
5.2 – General Methodology .................................................................................67
5.3 – Analysis and Modeling ...............................................................................67
5.4 – Experimental Results versus Design ...........................................................78
5.5 – Conclusions .................................................................................................81
Chapter 6 – Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations ..........................................82
6.1 – Summary .....................................................................................................82
6.2 – Conclusions .................................................................................................83
6.3 – Future Research ..........................................................................................84
References ........................................................................................................................86

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List of Tables

Table 4-1: Cross Sectional Properties Used in Hinge Parameter Calculations ................44
Table 4-2: Displacement Control Parameters of Hinges – 20 ft Clear Span Model .........45
Table 4-3: Displacement Control Parameters of Hinges – 36 ft Clear Span Model .........46
Table 4-4: I3 Property Modifiers ......................................................................................54
Table 4-5: 20 ft Clear Span SAP2000 Structural Model Results ......................................55
Table 4-6: 36 ft Clear Span SAP2000 Structural Model Results ......................................56
Table 5-1: Design Calculation Properties .........................................................................73
Table 5-2: Comparison of RISA Model Moment to SAP2000 Model Moments .............77
Table 5-3: Test/Model Structure Midspan Properties .......................................................79
Table 5-4: Ratio of Design Properties to Test/Model Specimen Properties .....................80

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List of Figures

Figure 1-1: Midland, NC Field Test Site Conceptual View ...............................................2
Figure 1-2: Midland, NC Field Test Section ......................................................................3
Figure 1-3: Laboratory Test – 20 ft Span Section ...............................................................4
Figure 1-4: Laboratory Test – 36 ft Span Section ...............................................................4
Figure 3-2: Field Test Earth Pressure Cell and Wire Pot Layouts ....................................17
Figure 3-3: Field Testing – Three Axle Dump Truck at Midspan ....................................18
Figure 3-4: Laboratory Test Specimen – 20 ft Clear Span Section ..................................19
Figure 3-5: Laboratory Test Specimen – 36 ft Clear Span Section ..................................20
Figure 3-6: Gauge Layout – 20 ft Clear Span Test Specimen ..........................................21
Figure 3-7: Gauge Layout – 36 ft Clear Span Test Specimen ..........................................22
Figure 3-8: Reinforcing Cage of Precast Section Prior To Casting ..................................23
Figure 3-9: Securing Wires of Strain Gauged Reinforcing Bar ........................................23
Figure 3-10: Midspan Wire Pot Deflection Gauge Installed ............................................25
Figure 3-11: Wire Pot Installed on Lateral Restrain Frame ..............................................25
Figure 3-12: Loading Actuator Configuration ..................................................................27
Figure 3-13: Horizontal Earth Pressure Distribution at Various Fill Depths ....................29
Figure 3-14: Structure with Lateral Restrain System Installed .........................................31
Figure 3-15: Detailed View of Laterally Restraining HSS Sections Installed ..................32
Figure 3-16: Internal Moments in 20 ft Clear Span Laboratory Test ...............................33
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Figure 3-17: Displacements in 20 ft Clear Span Laboratory Test .....................................34
Figure 3-18: Corner Moments in 36 ft Clear Span Laboratory Test ..................................35
Figure 3-19: Displacements in 36 ft Clear Span Laboratory Test .....................................35
Figure 4-1: 20 ft Clear Span – SAP2000 Elements ...........................................................39
Figure 4-2: 36 ft Clear Span – SAP2000 Elements ...........................................................39
Figure 4-3: Concrete Cylinder Test ...................................................................................41
Figure 4-4: SAP2000 Hinge Property Definition Points ...................................................44
Figure 4-5: Displacement Control Parameters of Hinges – 20 ft Clear Span Model ........45
Figure 4-6: Displacement Control Parameters of Hinges – 36 ft Clear Span Model ........46
Figure 4-7: Hinge Locations and Labels – 20 ft Clear Span Model ..................................48
Figure 4-8: Hinge Locations and Labels – 36 ft Clear Span Model ..................................48
Figure 4-9: Alternative Load Application for 20 ft Clear Span Test Specimen ................51
Figure 4-10: Model versus Laboratory Specimen – 20 ft Span Midspan Moment ...........57
Figure 4-11: Model versus Laboratory Specimen – 20 ft Span Displacement ..................58
Figure 4-12: Model versus Laboratory Specimen – 20 ft Span Corner Moment ..............58
Figure 4-13: Model versus Laboratory Specimen – 20 ft Span Corner Displacement ......59
Figure 4-14: Model versus Laboratory Specimen – 36 ft Span Midspan Moment ...........61
Figure 4-15: Model versus Laboratory Specimen – 36 ft Span Midspan Displacement ...61
Figure 4-16: Model versus Laboratory Specimen – 36 ft Span Corner Moment ..............62
Figure 4-17: Model versus Laboratory Specimen – 36 ft Span Corner Displacement ......62
Figure 4-18: Model versus Laboratory Specimen – 36 ft Span Corner Moment ..............63
Figure 5-1: Extruded View – 20 ft Span RISA Model ......................................................68
Figure 5-2: Factored Loads – 20 ft Span RISA Model ......................................................69
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