Nuclear Site Remediation. First Accomplishments of the Environmental Management Science Program PDF
Preview Nuclear Site Remediation. First Accomplishments of the Environmental Management Science Program
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 778 Nuclear Site Remediation First Accomplishments g 1 or00 s.w of the Environmental Management 12 | http://pubs.ac1/bk-2001-0778.f Science Program 02 20 ber 17, oi: 10.1 md on Septe9, 2000 | LPos. AGlaamrosy N Eatliolenarl , LEaDboIrTatOorRy 4.136 mber 2 3.3ve William R. Heineman, EDITOR 6o 1N 89.e: University of Cincinnati y at bD wnloaded blication Do Pu American Chemical Society, Washington, DC In Nuclear Site Remediation; Eller, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nuclear site remediation : first accomplishments of the Environmental Management Science Program / P. Gary Eller], editor, William R. Heinemann, editor. p. cm.—(ACS symposium series ; 778) Papers presented at a symposium held at the 218th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in New Orleans from Aug. 22-26, 1999" Includes bibliographical references and index. g 1 or00 ISBN 0-8412-3718-2 s.w 012 | http://pubs.ac21/bk-2001-0778.f TCDI.o8 1En9g.l8 lrU.ee 1rsn,1s iPet8es. d..G N 2Sa8.tr 2aCyt7.el eIsIa,. nD Hu2ep0ep0 iton0.ef o mrfa adEninonea,r cWgtiyvi,le lEi awnmvai srRtoe.n IsmIiItee. nsS—taelrU iMensia.t neadg eSmtaetnets —ScCieonncgere Psrsoesg.r am— 20 ber 17, oi: 10.1 628.5'2—dc21 00-58617 md on Septe9, 2000 | TNMhaaetti eorpniaaaplls e,S rAt auNnsdSeaIdr dZ i3nf9o .r4t h8Iin-s1f o9pr8mu4ba.l tiicoanti oSnc iemneceests— tPheer mmanineinmceu mo fr ePqaupierer mfoern tPs rionfte Ad mLiebrriacaryn 4.136 mber 2 Copyright © 2001 American Chemical Society 3.3ve Distributed by Oxford University Press 6o 1N 89.e: All Rights Reserved. Reprographic copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or y at bD 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act is allowed for internal use only, provided that a per- wnloaded blication oc2hf2 a2pp aRtgeoers sfee wien o otohfd i$s D2 b0ro.i0vo0ek, piDslu apsne v$rem0r.s5it,0t eM dpA eor 0np1lay9g 2ue3n i,ds U eprSa ilAidc. etRon setehp uef brColimocpa tyAiorCingS ho. tr DC rielrepearcroatd ntuhcceets iCoen ea nnftoderr , o stIahnlecer. , Do Pu permission requests to ACS Copyright Office, Publications Division, 1155 16th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In Nuclear Site Remediation; Eller, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000. Foreword 1 HE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from ACS sponsored symposia based on current scientific research. g 1 or00 Occasionally, books are developed from symposia sponsored by other s.w 12 | http://pubs.ac1/bk-2001-0778.f rotaheurevgd iaieaenwuniBdzceiaeedetf. ni ofocroneer s. a aSgpworpemhreoeiepnn r gpia atthtpoeee rpasunt obdmpl icaiscoyh m abisp eb r oeeohoxfek cn,lk ustehidveeene dp criioonnvp toeeorrrsdeaeesgdtre ttaaotbon l bde e tfhtootefer r c iocnfnohtetceerumenssti sts t thtirosey 2002 book; others may be added to provide comprehensiveness. When ber 17, oi: 10.1 cahpapproteprrsi ataer,e opveeerrv-rieevwie wore di nptrroiodru ctoto rfyin aclh aapctceerps taanrcee aodrd eredj.e cDtiroanf,t s anodf md on Septe9, 2000 | marea nuinsAccsrl iupadt seru dal reei,n op nrtehlype a orvreidog liuinnma lc earsme.s eeVraare-crrhbe aapdtiaymp efrorser mparnaodtd. uocritgioinnas l roefv iperwev pioaupselrys 4.136 mber 2 published papers are not accepted. 3.3ve 6o ACS B O O KS D E P A R T M E NT 1N 89.e: y at bD wnloaded blication Do Pu In Nuclear Site Remediation; Eller, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000. Preface From 1943 until the end of the cold war in 1989, the United States and the former Soviet Union developed massive stockpiles of nuclear weapons. Because the development of these formidable arsenals was considered to be in the supreme national interest of both countries and because of technological limitations, short- term production concerns sometimes overrode long-term environmental considerations. Both countries incurred large-scale contamination of soils, water, air, and facilities and amassed huge quantities of wastes in currently unacceptable forms as a result of the nuclear weapons missions. Monumental cleanup efforts in g 1 bs.acs.or778.pr00 bthoet hn cuoculenTatrhr ieew sU ena.Sop.wo nD ase rpel eaagrdtamdcryeen sitsn i ontfgh eEt hnUeesnregit yce od( lDdS OtwatEaer)s .hl eagsAa crse ieosspu.o tlninsiebdi liinty Cfohra patderd re1s, stihnigs u0 12 | http://p1/bk-2001- pTdrahouegn rtaicnmhga .li lse tnFhgeoe rsm moasartne ey x tpoeefcn hstnhiviece a relelnymv, eirdaoidnamml iecnnhitsaatllrl earnteigmveeesld,y i,a ctlfieioannna unppcr ioagtlelrycah,m n oaelnvodeg ry patoitsle imteicpitatheleldyr. 02 unacceptably expensive or risky at present, or simply unknown. In recognition of 20 ber 17, oi: 10.1 tEhnisv irsointumaetinotna,l Mina na1g9e9m6 entht eS cUien.Sc.e PCroonggrraemss (EfMunSdPe)d toa dnedv eDlopO Eth ei nssctiietuntceed baasne md for breakthrough technology that can address these difficult problems. To date on Septe9, 2000 | almost 30B0e sccaiuesnet itfhice ininvietisatli gtahtrieoen-sy ehaarv ef ubnedeinn gf ucnydcelde ufonrd etrh eth fei rEstM gSrPo uppr oogfr aEmM. SP 4.136 mber 2 pDrro. jLecetsst ewr aMs oarbsosu ot f tAo regnodn naen dN acthieomnaisl tLrya bios raatt otrhye (htheea r1t 9o9f9 m cahnayir ooff tthhees eA mpreorjieccatns , 3.3ve Chemical Society (ACS) Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (DNCT)) 6o 1N proposed that it was timely and appropriate for the ACS to sponsor a symposium d by 89.n Date: hwiagsh leingdhotirnsged t hbey stchiee nEtixfeicc uatcihviee vCeommemntist teoef othfe t hper oDgNraCmT ,t oD dr.a Mte.o rAssf theor ntohree dc ounsc bepyt wnloadeblicatio 2as1k8ithn gN uasti oton aolr gAaCniSz eM seuecthi nag s iynm Npoewsi uOmr.l eAanss a frreosmul t,A au gsyumst p2o2s-iu2m6, w1a9s9 9h.e ldS aixt ttyh-e Do Pu three plenary, tutorial, and topical scientific lectures and fifty-four posters were presented over a period of five days. Technical sessions were organized around the subject areas of actinide, separations, analytical, physical, materials, geo/biochemistry, and inorganic chemistry. Five ACS Divisions as well as DOE provided sponsorship in the form of administrative and financial support. The outstanding response to this symposium encouraged the consideration of pub lishing a symposium proceedings volume. Enthusiasm among symposium partici pants to this idea likewise was overwhelmingly positive. To meet the ACS require ments for this book, we chose a limited number of presentations from the symposium to be developed as chapters that would give broad coverage of this subject. The volume you are now reading is the result. Many individuals and organizations contributed to the success of this effort. First and foremost, DOE provided the funding for each project discussed at ix In Nuclear Site Remediation; Eller, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000. the ACS symposium. DOE also provided generous financial support that allowed a large number of undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral students to present their results. The support by Mr. Mark Gilbertson (DOE Office of Environmental Management) and Dr. Roland Hirsch (DOE Office of Science) is particularly recognized in this regard. The DNCT provided the primary ACS sponsorship for this symposium, with cosponsorship by the ACS Divisions of Analytical Chemistry, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Inc., and Physical Chemistry. These Divisions contributed both administratively and financially. Neither the symposium nor proceedings would have occurred without the enthusiastic support, encouragement, and guidance of Dr. Lester Morss, chair of the DNCT. The Glenn T. Seaborg Institute branch at Los Alamos National Laboratory graciously provided skillful administrative support by Ms. Susan Ramsay. Similarly, Ms. Kim Carey provided essential administrative support g 1 courtesy of the University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry. The successful s.acs.or78.pr00 choavned ubcete no fp tohses isbylme wpoitshioumut tahned cpormepmairtamtioennt ooff tahlli st hpersoec epeedoipnlges. volume would not b7 p://pu001-0 ceedings Imn utshte b efi naattlr iabnuatelyds tios, thhoe woeuvtsetra,n tdhien gs uscccieenssti foicf stkhiilsl asnydm kpnooswiulmed agned o fp trhoe 012 | htt21/bk-2 pvroilnucmipea ls uincvceesetdigs ationr sp raonvdi dthinegir ac oclolemagpuaects . foWruem h ofpoer tthhies swyomrpldo stiou mle aprrno coeef dtihnegisr 20 ber 17, oi: 10.1 efforts. on Septem9, 2000 | d NLP. oGusAc RlAeYal EarL mMLEoaRs t eNraiatilos nTael cLhanboolroagtyo rDy ivision 4.136 mber 2 Los Alamos, NM 87544 3.3ve 6o 1N by 89.Date: WDIeLpLIaArMtm R.e HnEtI NoEfM CAhNe mistry ed on University of Cincinnati wnloadblicati Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172 Do Pu χ In Nuclear Site Remediation; Eller, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000. Chapter 1 The Environmental Management Science Program: One Facet of a Balanced Solution-Based Investment Strategy Gerald Boyd1, Mark Gilbertson2, Roland Hirsch3, and Arnold Gritzke2 g 1 1Office of Science and Technology, Office of Environmental Management, or00 Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Avenue, Washington, DC 20585 12 | http://pubs.acs.1/bk-2001-0778.ch 3M2OedfiOfcicafOfeli c fSofeicf c ioeBe1f n0a oS0csfeic0 cEis e I annnDnvcdiidevre ,iopAs nDeiopmnenpdpe,le anieOnrtdactfmf leRi c eMAeens vaetoe anofn rafBuc gEehieo,nm,l oWeOgerfnigafcytisac,h, le D iG naoeengfprt dmaoS rncEati,menn DntvoeciCnrweo tn na2 o,nm0 f5dM eE8 nTDn5teae crl2h g0Ryn5,eo8 sl5oeag ryc, h, 02 20 ber 17, oi: 10.1 md on Septe9, 2000 | 4.136 mber 2 DOE’s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is 3.3ve engaged in the cleanup of the facilities used in nuclear 6o materials production. The science and technology to support 1N 89.e: many aspects of this mission do not exist. To address this, EM y at bD formed the Office of Science and Technology. In 1996, EM d n Downloade Publicatio brosieevtsegeusar lntb3 ey0dre ,y2 eee0vas0atr6alsu,b. aleAitxsicnhpcgeeed dle tihrtEiaenMt ignn’ sgoc l tesiCotarnnlae utaetphgn yauot pf :f tt ohhPreea ctrchleelsmea atnanouiu npCpi n lmogws ouossirutte el dsow ,f ah tatnihckdhee implementing long-term stewardship. At the same time, Congress mandated development of a basic science program. 2 © 2001 American Chemical Society In Nuclear Site Remediation; Eller, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000. 3 Introduction The DOE's Office of Environmental Management (EM) is now engaged in the cleanup of the facilities used in over fifty years of nuclear materials production. EM was established with the mission of cleaning up the legacy of environmental pollution at DOE weapons complex facilities, preventing further environmental contamination, and instituting responsible environmental management. However, a coordinated effort in the conduct of scientific research and technology development to support many aspects of this mission did not exist. To address this need for effective and affordable solutions to the daunting environmental problems it faced, EM formed the Office of Science and org 001 Technology (OST) to conduct a national basic scientific and technology cs.ch research, development and deployment program. OST's mission is to ensure the 012 | http://pubs.a21/bk-2001-0778. Ptaaohcfvre hoat hiigielemrav abeepmi nrl iovtptvyihrr eeoom vnoimfecd noeectsmn o otsa pfta l-keneeexxdfyfi est hctcfiaetlniec vgceae htnm, euoempftt. eh itchcohaeTd lnsh,d ibeceb iavyole Ellpolyongr pvoibmciveraioteldt nneaitmrnn ,g doe ftnaph tnnheade ylw ssc iMsiccaeaflaneeln taraia nfsgiuptceepe mc cuhmtensnnde ootet hlfro oscSgtdaliceseni asedna ninunctdpgoe 20 ber 17, oi: 10.1 processes. md In 1996, EM began to reevaluate the notion that the cleanup of the former on Septe9, 2000 | rwéeéavpaolunast icoonm wpalse xA cwcoeluelrda ttiankge Covleearn 3u0p : yPeaarths s toto aCccloosmurpel,i s(h1.) T whhei crhe saurltt icoufl athteids 4.136 mber 2 EyeMar's 2v0i0s6io, ne xtop ecdleitaen uthpe acnlde atnraunps iotifo tnh eth ree mmaaijnoirnitgy soitfe tsh, ea nodp eirmatpinlegm seitnets ab ylo tnhge- 3.3ve term stewardship program to address the complicated and intractable 6o 89.1e: N environmental management problems. This new planning document established y at a path forward, which allowed major cleanup activities to be completed in the bD d n near term, while leaving recalcitrant technical problems for the longer term. wnloadeblicatio Tfohcius ssetda goinn ga roefa sth we hcelreea ntuhper ee fifso rat hailglohw tesc thhnei craels enaerecdh aenffdo ratlsl owwist haidne OquSaTte t oti mbee Do Pu for the required science and technology to be developed and tested. At the same time, Congress mandated the establishment of an environmental science program within EM, (2) to be managed in collaboration with the DOE Office of Science and the Idaho Operations Office. The objective of this program is to focus the nation's scientific research infrastructure on EM's science needs in order to provide technical scientific underpinnings for the long- term cleanup effort. The first of the Environmental Management Science Program Projects (EMSP) have just completed their initial 3-year grants. In Nuclear Site Remediation; Eller, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000. 4 EM's Environmental Management Problem EM is engaged in the cleanup of the radioactive, hazardous, and mixed wastes left from over 50 years of U.S. nuclear weapons production. These materials are in a variety of forms (e.g., stored as waste in tanks and drums, disposed in landfills and trenches, released to the surface, contaminants in buildings and other structures, and as contaminants in soils and groundwater.) To assess the magnitude of the problem and to coordinate the cleanup effort DOE has organized the cleanup by problem areas. g 1 Total life-cycle costs for the cleanup are estimated to be approximately or00 cs.ch $147 billion from 1997 to 2070. This currently represents the largest cleanup 12 | http://pubs.a1/bk-2001-0778. Heffigorht Line vtheel Wwoarsltde. 02 20 ber 17, oi: 10.1 challOenngee o fis t hteh el acrgleeasnt uppr oobfl etmhes DwOasEt ef accoens tabiontehd inin t esrtmorsa goef ctoasntk as.n dW sictiheinnt ifthice md DOE complex, over 335 underground storage tanks have been used to process on Septe9, 2000 | manadt ersitaolrse p rroadduiocaticotniv aen da nmda ncuhfeamctuicrainl gm. Cixoeldle cwtiavsetley tgheenseer atatendk s fhroolmd owveera 3p4o0n 4.136 mber 2 msluildligoen, slaitletcrsa koef, hanigdh a-sle svuepl e(rHnaLteW a)n adn dv alpoowr -(l3ev).e Vl eraryd iloiattcleti voef tlhiiqsu mid awtearisatel hians 3.3ve been treated and/or disposed of in final form. Most of the waste is alkaline and 6o 89.1e: N contains a diverse portfolio of constituents including nitrate and nitrite salts, y at hydrated metal oxides, phosphate precipitates, and ferrocyanides along with a bD d n variety of radionuclides. The tanks are located at five DOE sites and many of wnloadeblicatio tohf ecshea traancktesr ihzaavtieo nk naondw nse opra rsautsiopnesc teodr pleraektrse.a Mtmaejnotr. challenges exist in the areas Do Pu Mixed Waste An estimate of the inventory of mixed waste inventory shows approximately 167,000 cubic meters of over 1,400 different types of mixed waste located at 38 sites in 19 states (3). This inventory, however, is increasing with newly generated waste resulting from ongoing processes and environmental restoration, facility decontamination, and facility transition activities. After appropriate treatment, much of this waste is expected to be placed in the Waste Isolation Pilot Project facility (WIPP). The first shipments of TRU have already been sent to WIPP. However, challenges in In Nuclear Site Remediation; Eller, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000. 5 characterization, separations and stabilization still exist before all of the mixed waste can be disposed. Deactivation and Decontamination DOE is addressing the problem of deactivation transformation of over 7,000 buildings and decommissioning over 900 buildings and their contents. This represents more than 6 million square meters of buildings containing contaminated concrete, equipment, machinery, and pipes (3). Therefore, substantial quantities of metal and concrete must be decontaminated and nearly 200,000 tons of scrap metal must be disposed. Deactivation and g 1 Decommissioning activities across the complex will likely require decades to cs.orch00 complete. Research is needed to develop or improve methods for the 12 | http://pubs.a1/bk-2001-0778. Dcfthaheceaaisrlceaittc iiaetvresaer,tai izosaa nctsi oo aunnlw,dd ed rDleela decucatcoisvem a ttmhrieoeimns ss,oc idohveneacdilno,u gnlet cda omaennriitdnvro aeatldsi,o s wontc,ra iesamatteteom.d n eSiltnocotnir,eig nn-tgatien,fr idamcn b dcrs oetcaasebtkrsitt.hli ifrziocauatigtoihonsn oionff 02 20 ber 17, oi: 10.1 Subsurface Contaminants md Soil and ground water contaminated with radionuclides, heavy metals, and on Septe9, 2000 | DdsoeOinlE sae ns, idtne os5n., 7-T0ahq0iu seg coroouunsns idpsth swa soaetfe mrl ioqpruleuid mt he(asDn, N w5A0hP imcLhi)l lhicaoovnne tca umcboiinnctaa nmmtsei nteaartrsee d o ffoo cvuoennrd ta 2ra ntti rnimlaltioeosdnt 63.34.136 ovember 2 mhliatieslrl isco onon fct awurbnaiitncea rm.t eeIdnt e rsasud rodrofit urioandndi,io ntaghc etsrivoeei la sar ena dnn duh magzreaorroudunosdu slw abanutderfirie ldl(s3 w)th.a aCstteu ,cr rosenontmtaliyen aonvfe awairlhalybic lh4e 1N 89.e: cleanup technologies are often unacceptable due to excessive costs, increased y at risks, long remediation schedules, or production of secondary wastes. Research bD d n is needed to improve characterizing and delineating contamination, removal and wnloadeblicatio rceommepdoiuantidosn, aonfd pcroendtaicmtiionna notfs ,c onsetapmariantaionnt moigf rartaiodino.n uclides from hazardous Do Pu Nuclear Materials Certain nuclear materials, such as plutonium, can be dangerous even in extremely small quantities, particularly if ingested or inhaled. In addition, finely divided plutonium dust may spontaneously ignite when exposed to air above certain temperatures. Extreme precautions are required in storing, handling, and transporting such materials. DOE's plutonium and other nuclear materials exist in a variety of forms — from acid solutions, to rough pieces of metal, to nearly finished weapons parts (3). In addition, unknown amounts of plutonium have collected on the surfaces of ventilation ducts, air filters, and gloveboxes at some DOE facilities. Metal and chemical wastes containing nuclear materials typically are stored in drums and monitored, pending ultimate disposition. In Nuclear Site Remediation; Eller, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000.
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