Table Of Content

Nuclear Power and Energy Security NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3)NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops". The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings.The meetings are co- organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or "Mediterranean Dialogue" countries.The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only;they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology Springer B. Physics and Biophysics Springer C. Environmental Security Springer D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series B:Physics and Biophysics Nuclear Power and Energy Security edited by Samuel A. Apikyan Advanced Science & Technology Center (ASTEC) Yerevan, Armenia and David J. Diamond Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY, U.S.A. Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Power and Energy Security Yerevan, Armenia 26-29 May 2009 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009937940 ISBN 978-90-481-3503-5 (PB) ISBN 978-90-481-3502-8 (HB) ISBN 978-90-481-3504 -2 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. CONTENTS Preface ix RA President’s Message xi Opening Remarks NATO Advanced Research Workshop xiii David J. Diamond CHAPTER I – DEVELOPING THE NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE IAEA Activities in Support of Countries Considering 1 Embarking on Nuclear Power Programme Omoto Akira Creating a National Nuclear Regulatory Authority 9 Ralph Way Building Safeguards Infrastructure 13 John McClelland-Kerr, Rebecca Stevens Regulatory Challenges Related to the Licensing of a New 19 Nuclear Power Plant Marcel Maris Infrastructure Development Through Civil Nuclear 23 Cooperation Marc A. Humphrey, Alex R. Burkart Nuclear Safety Infrastructure 37 Robert L. Moffitt Upgrading Nuclear Regulatory Infrastructure in Armenia 45 Ashot Martirosyan, Armen Amirjanyan, Sergey Kacenelenbogen Seven Principles of Highly Effective Nuclear Energy 53 Programs Charles D. Ferguson, Philip D. Reed v vi CONTENTS CHAPTER II – THE CASE FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY Nuclear Safety and Energy Security 63 Greg Trosman Nuclear Energy and Social Impact 69 Natividad Carpintero-Santamarsia The Role of Nuclear Power in the Reduction of Greenhouse 79 Gas Emissions Anthony J. Baratta Nuclear Energy & Energy Security 89 Jumber Mamasakhlisi Overview of the Electricity Market of Estonia and the 93 Plausibility of Nuclear Energy Production Mariliis Lehtveer, Alan Tkaczyk The Role of Small and Medium Reactors in the Energy 101 Security of a Country, IRIS Example Nikola Čavlina CHAPTER III – APPLICABLE TECHNOLOGY Status Report on the Safety of Operating US Nuclear 109 Power Plants (Why Experts Believe that Today’s Operating Nuclear Power Reactors are much Safer than they were 20 Years Ago) Robert J. Budnitz NATO-ASTEC-MATRIX – Research Environment, 121 Information Sharing and MC&A Samuel Apikyan, David Diamond, Karen Yerznkanyan, Movses Vardanyan, Gera Sevikyan Establishing Control over Nuclear Materials and Radiation 127 Sources in Georgia Grigol Basilia CONTENTS vii Nuclear Energy in Armenia History, Problems, Possibilities 133 and Outlook Gera Sevikyan, Movses Vardanyan, Samuel Apikyan Development of Nuclear Energy in Armenia 143 Aram A. Gevorgyan, Areg A. Galstyan Some Neutron Absorbing Elements and Devices for 147 Fast Nuclear Reactors Regulation Systems Paata J. Kervalishvili Development of Design of a Radioisotope Switchable Neutron 157 Source and New Portable Detector of Smuggling Lary Meskhi, L. Kurdadze New Designs of Medium Power VVER Reactor Plants 167 S.B. Ryzhov, V.A. Mokhov, Mikhael P. Nikitenko, A.E. Chetverikov, D.O. Veselov, I.G. Shchekin, V.V. Petrov National Assessment Study in Armenia Using Innovative 181 Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles Methodology for an Innovative Nuclear Systems in a Country with Small Grid Vahan H. Sargsyan, Aram A. Gevorgyan, Areg A. Galstyan CANDLE Reactor: An Option for Simple, Safe, High 197 Nuclear Proliferation Resistant, Small Waste and Efficient Fuel Use Reactor Hiroshi Sekimoto Emissions of the Corrosion Radionuclides in an Atmosphere 205 Movses Vardanyan IAEA Support for Operating Nuclear Reactors 211 Omoto Akira The Solid Coolant and Prospects of Its Use in 221 Innovative Reactors A.M. Dmitriev, Valentin P. Deniskin viii CONTENTS Innovation Projects of Atomic Energy Institute of 225 National Nuclear Center RK in the Area of Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy E. Kenzhin, Irina Tazhibayeva, Y. Vasiliyev, A. Kolodeshnikov, A. Vurim Innovative Designs of Nuclear Reactors 235 Boris A. Gabaraev, Yuri S. Cherepnin Development of Devices for Handling with BN-350 247 R adioactive Waste A.G. Iksanov, S.N. Pustobaev, Yu.P. Shirobokov, G.P. Pugachyev, A.N. Baldov, L.N. Tikhomirov, V.V. Tkachenko, Irina L. Tazhibayeva, A.Kh. Klepikov, O.G. Romanenko, E.A. Kenzhin, V.V. Yakovlev, S. Khametov, V.I. Kalinkin, A.I. Skvortsov, S.A. Dmitriev, A.E. Arustamov, Dmitri I. Zelenski, Yu.A. Serebrennikov Institutional Support to the Nuclear Power Based on 255 Transportable Installations Viacheslav P. Kuznetsov, Yuri S. Cherepnin International Cooperation and Security in the Field of 261 Nuclear Energy in Armenia Dimitri A. Khachatryan, Arman A. Avagyan, Vilen E. Stepanyan Applied Model of Through-Wall Crack of Coolant 275 Vessels of VVER-Type Reactors Vahram Petrosyan, Telemak Hovakimyan, M. Vardanyan, A. Khachatryan, K. Minasyan Index 281 Preface The basic logic is very simple. Countries around the globe have a need for more electrical generating capacity because of increases in population and increases in energy use per capita. The needs are constrained by the requirement that the base- load energy source be economical, secure, and not emit climate-changing gases. Nuclear power fits this description. Therefore, many countries that have not had a nuclear power program (or only had a small program) see a need to develop one in the future. However, the development of a national nuclear energy program is not so simple. The purpose of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Power and Energy Security was to contribute to our understanding of how these programs might evolve. The workshop took place 26–29 May 2009 in Yerevan, Armenia. Approximately 50 participants discussed the infrastructure that is needed and some of the reactor options that might be considered. The papers in this book helped define the discussion that took place. The infrastructure that is needed includes a legal framework, a functioning regulator, a plan for waste disposal, a plan for emergency response, etc. These needs were explained and just as importantly, it was explained what international, bilateral, and regional cooperation is available. Although there were many countries represented, the Armenian experience was of particular interest because of where the meeting was located. The papers on reactor options covered both innovative and evolutionary designs. Of particular interest with the latter are small or medium size reactors that apply proven pressurized-water reactor design principles. The participants judged the workshop to be a success because of the valuable information that was provided and the stimulating discussions that took place. An- other workshop along these same lines would be beneficial not only for those who participated in this workshop but for participants from other countries as well. In the meantime, it is hoped that this book will be of value to those people working in countries to develop a new or expanded nuclear power program. As before, this 4th NATO workshop was expertly organized by the Advanced Science and Technology Center, ASTEC, in Yerevan, Armenia. It’s our pleasure to thank the Organizing Committee for the logistic organization of the meeting as well as the Local Organizing Committee members. Special thanks to K. Yerznkanyan, A. Makaryan, T. Apikyan, M. Hovhannisyan, R. Dallakyan, E. Sevikyan for their assistance before and during the meeting. David J. Diamond Samuel A. Apikyan Editors ix The RA President’s Message to Participants 4th of theNATO “Nuclear Power and Energy Security” Meeting It’s my great pleasure to welcome the guests and participants of the 4th NATO “Nuclear Power and Energy Security” meeting. The ever-expanding usefulness of nuclear energy as of a sustainable and reliable source of energy in the modern world has also caused some challenges connected with the peaceful and safe utilization of nuclear energy. Meeting these challenges is a shared concern and consequently it requires the expression of joint determina- tion, consistent efforts and mutual support. This is the only way in which we can enjoy the fruits of the greatest scientific achievements of humankind. Taking into consideration all these challenges the government of the Republic of Armenia continuously keeps the peaceful and safe utilization of nuclear energy in the centre of attention. Armenia has started the realization of the project on building a new power-generating unit which will play a significant role in the context of our country’s mid-term and long-term economic progress and ensuring energy security of our country. Taking the opportunity we would like to thank IAEA and the presidents and specialists of all those countries who assisted Armenia in the process of safe utilization of the existent nuclear power station and contribute to the efforts aimed at building another one. Being a country which produces nuclear energy Armenia has attained much experience in this sphere and encourages specialists of the corresponding field to contribute their scientific potential and experience to ensuring regional and international security. In this regard, I also attach importance to the activities of the “Advanced Science and Technology Centre (ASTEC)” founded through state support as well as to the cooperation with international research centres. Welcoming again I wish the participants good luck, efficient discussions and great perspectives in the process of all-inclusive cooperation. I do hope that the conference will become a great impetus in the sphere of nuclear cooperation and will enable us to discover new scientific potential which will contribute to the regional and international security. xi .