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PHYSICS THROUGH THE 1990s Nuclear Physics ‘Nucleae Physics Panel Physics Survey Commitee Hoard ou Physics and Astronomy Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, ‘National Rescurch Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington. DC. 6 lear ysis 19584 SAUNA, ACADENEY PRESS 210 Oar Atoms, NF Waking, 25 Ittate of Meticine. Tae waite 0° the coon jose fer repel So ‘Howg oes pesilcoceree od ep or apopa oba "hiro ha tan end wm gi ee hh Co “The Naval Resch Coe an wae yo ancan endef Scene in ier csoceae te on commun maa ud eno vs ese > Dann sa wan hua Go Dine wagh orvenieg menterdca cation Ihe oss Rene oe Sy of rr Sates Ace of eterna (Nao Sab seleraRe on angantig cmon semwnare jy by oth Inatrate of Mec ere exablshe in 198 ge 100, vesnectvey, under te caer the tn ender of Seu “The Ro on Pho aad Aaa pat scale pens upan Times of Commerce ie Anco Pa ovine oar eat Pods Divsed, Cone Rls Conn Geel Meee Fach, tanned iors Congres Cll Pi a Sirs: (PR shes 3, See phish {ried Sate 3 Selon taverns Comes (C3. gens ing a toe Bi hgheae a SEES EF cr mnas eda SEIN HH Hee 4 PANEL ON NLULHAR PLYSICS “Tosuen Ceany. University wf California, Berkeley, oxd Lanrence Berkeley Caborary. Cheirnian Patel: Denever, Uaiveraty of Uso, Urbana Ronen? A. Lisinsreiy, Caraepie. ellos Lnlverscy Nognae Bexcaue Ken.ien. Rugers Univer Steven E, Koon, Catia Insti of Textmalory “Puies 0. MacD. Panere. Vale Laiversity RG. Hans Rowzkts05. Los Alamos National ahorstory Steven E. Vianor, Indiana University Toun'b. Warxeka, Stanford University PAYSICS SURVEY COMMITTEE Wistinse F thunicias, Stl Mason Taboncories, Chana Journ Char, Univorily of Calfornia, Berkeley. and Laweence Berkeley Laliralny RoNat ©, Bavinitin, Massavcuyety silts of Techasloay Tons MC. Davison. Universiy of Clif ia, Ls Angeles Mi ost 5. Datasetuacs, Stiomiclasets Insirue of Techaslog: au L. Fivunt, Prisslun Unisersiey PAL A. PLuuis, ALSSY Al Falwratoces Witias al, Fowuek, W. K. Kellogg Radiation Laboratory Laropon 8, Hance, Sanford University Vincest Jarcanmno, Cuiversty of California, Senta Barbara enue Rrerrrrn, Massaclusests Lntuas of Technology Ate A. Manapepit, Laiveraty of Calfacia. vine Pram D. Mac. Paawea. Vale Psioetsily Mantis L. Put, Stanford University Warr W. Azan, Cornel Universigy Davin Ey Wuerssan, Prinsctad Uaversity Donat nC. Saree, St Director Rewer [. Rienars, Saif Ofiser Cwanras K, Ree, Consuitant ear Pie 1954) eccenumamiununusaen [ROARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY. Hans Feavensesver, Caiversicy of ules, Charonen Folia LL Bonus, California Tati of'Lechbologs Kutuann ©. Bauer, TEM San Jose Research Laboratory Dean E. Lasrmas, 1EM TI. Warsam Ressoroh Center Janes E. Guin, Princeton University Lav, Kapanovs, The Laiversity af Chicago W. Cast Linsusaaca, Univesity of Colorade Nosstan F Kostrs, larsunl University Morton 8. Kosei, Natonel Ratio Astronomy Ohservarory Seanswan. N. Rosen it, Uaiversiy of Tesas at Austin Wirrvam b. Siycaess, ATST Bell Laberuories Sane. Teenvast Paucetou University Donarp C. Saareso, St Director Rowenr L. Rirwan, Safl Offeer Hecenr Parrenson, Stl! Avsitent Sosy WYATT. Staff Aneta lear ysis 19584 COMBUNSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, ‘MATIMEMAJICS, AND RESOURCES: Heeorar Faucosan, Nalionsl Restureh Council, Caiman ‘Tuowas D. Hanno. Standard Oa Company Ietived) Etxan R BLOT. Trvand Maical Shu ‘Watiam Brownen, Prieta Liver Beexaap F. Bunge. Califorsia initue of Technolgy Groner F. Cannes, Harvaid University Coane L, Dranz. Dartaouth College Minpaao S, Dsusveuniwus, Macsachneots Inetituts of Teshology Josue L. Hisaten, Offer ofthe Goverzor, Commonvealh of Tans C. usc Laiversty of Ptsbued Waar na A Fomuie, Californ Insite af Tectnologe Graniuer Parco ane, rgokhaven Natiynal barony Rrwanp D. Gorparea, Seripne Iniilation of Ocenia ophy Many 1, Goon, Signal Research Gomer J. Ross Macbonarp, University of Now Carina ‘Taostas F. Maton, Sains Teaeph Collage Cnaues J. Manns. Oklahoma Geetogicel Survey Praus L. BieCasry, Stanford University Wits D. Ponce. Malliockrodt, fas Roars E, Suevess, Univeriy of Colorado Jon D, Soancen, Haceied School of Pubic Heal Guumoe W. Wetacrine, Carmogie Institution of Weshington Raonart G1 Kaboom, Hecate Bector Lawarnen BMC, ssseiate curve Oirectr ear Pie 1954) eccaummi-ununannen wae Preface ‘Lis volume fg the repor: af the Pane! oa Nuclear Physics of the Poysies Surcey Committee, established by the: National Research Counc in SA. The report prexenis many of the major advances ix rmclearptysies during the pas: decal, sketches the pects of uclesr ‘hisies on uber scionces aad on siciey, end desribee the Sarre Franiees the field. ft concludes witha chapter oa the recomend ‘ert fr ts aicipin, The Panel ow Nuclear Physics developed this copote throu is ansetinan im My 796 ged Jaguary 1088 aad throng extensive cerca Sponlence We abu jeinee with the Nuslear Sciewee Advisory Comm nites (SRAC} af the epitment of Eucts? and the National Scionee Foundation ding its weekiong Workshop in Taly 1983. when the major daft of 198% Taine Rane Pla wae fori ated. Appendix 3 Tite those sha attend ihe Werksbop. which includes rood porti- ipation herand the weinhers sf NEAC ot our Pane Mos ot 7he coments fawn 11 sevewers face ppemiy Bi, chosen ta provide a repaserrative view nin! (rom the mucledrxcierve com> suumiy. were imsorparare jeta the munascng. which way xuhwited tu the Nasional Research Conrail i My 1364 for furthar review Additions! comments were eihsequnfl inconpersted, and the fal smanuserp: was sume in Angst FERS Clearly, a rompechonsive coverage: oF the fl of nuclear physics ‘would be impossible im a report of thi sive “OF mecessty. ony 42 sla ysis 1834 ‘overview of seleted topicr cane sven. and the Panel bus stewed lu maintain a reasonable balance throughoal. Althouph uo exile? reference o auclear chemists por toc mie i this report. we ish tO note that avelear ebeits and nuclear physicists are wesking toac8 the same goah o€ undsrstanding the nucleus. They dus have many Interest Ip commen and shure the same enpesinental fete "The Panel wishes to thank the reviewers as well as she aomhors of the Physies Soresy Commies. the Beard un Pisses and dstronmy of the Nasional Research Council, and a ateaber of ether individusls tor ther hep inthis cask, We wish parca fo shank Pred Reab for his ontstanding unt invaluable snastunce ia ce fenisalrowenbing cating ofthis repel sla ysis 1834 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A INTRODUCTION To NUCLEAR PHYSICS Thc Atouie Nucleus. 10 The Nuclear Many-Gody Problem, 12 ‘The Fundamental Foeves, 1s ‘Ibe Eiementary Pasticles, 16 Leptoas, IF Quarks, 18 Elementary Vector Bases. 24 Conservation Laws andl Symmetries, 24 Accelerators and Detectors, 28 Projectiles aad Targets. 28 Energies, 30 Nuclear Intersetions, 22 Particle Derectars, 32 J MAJOK ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR FHYSICS 2 NUCLIAR STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS Blementary Modes of Excitation, 3 sla ysis 1834 Giaut Electric Resonances. Al Giant Spin Vibeations, 4s Deltae on Nuclei, 45 Blectron-Seattering Results, 46 ‘Tho Imeractiag Base Model. $0 Macroscopis Nusles” Dyna Resonances in Heavy-loa Deep-inetastic Collisions, The Nuclear Nany-Bady Problem, 59 ‘The Three-Nucieon Nuctous and Intnite Nueleae Matter, 40 Properties of Finite Nuclei, 6) ‘Ihe Effective NWN nteraction wt Touermediate Energies, 6 Expanding the Traditional Many-Fady Theory, 44 FUNDS MENTAL FORCES IN THE NUCLIUS Nonmacleone Cogsbivcats of Nuclei, 68 Probing Quark Structure with Leptons, 70 The Physics of Hypscmucei Quantum Chromotlyramics at Low Knereles, 75 “The Nucleus as a TLuboratory for Fundamental Symunelaies, 7 Right-Handed Bosom in Beta Dees, The Mass of the Neutrino, 80 Nettring Oseilltions, 81 Double Beta Decay. 84 Parity Vielatiow ia Nuclei. 85 NECLEL UNDER EXTREME. CONDITIONS, Nuclei at High Vemperamse and Density, 88 High Nusfear Tempessrures, 89 High Ruclear Densities, 91 Nuclear-Mettor Hquicion of State, 92 The Teaviest [lemens, 94 New Thansferniure Hlerents, 94 ‘The Search for Superhexvy Elements, 96 Hip Unstable Nuctei, 47 ©