Nuclear Oncology PDF
Preview Nuclear Oncology
H. William Strauss Giuliano Mariani Duccio Volterrani Steven M. Larson Editors Nuclear Oncology From Pathophysiology to Clinical Applications Second Edition Nuclear Oncology H. William Strauss Giuliano Mariani Duccio Volterrani Steven M. Larson Editors Nuclear Oncology From Pathophysiology to Clinical Applications Second Edition With992Figuresand166Tables Editors H.WilliamStrauss GiulianoMariani MolecularImagingandTherapyService UniversityofPisa MemorialSloanKetteringCancerCenter RegionalCenterofNuclearMedicine NewYork,NY,USA Pisa,Italy DuccioVolterrani StevenM.Larson UniversityofPisa MolecularImagingandTherapyService RegionalCenterofNuclearMedicine MemorialSloanKetteringCancerCenter Pisa,Italy NewYork,NY,USA ISBN978-3-319-26234-5 ISBN978-3-319-26236-9(eBook) ISBN978-3-319-26235-2(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26236-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017949354 1stedition:#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013 #SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland This book is dedicated to the scientists and clinicians who have developedthetechnologyandlife-saving proceduresthatweuse to diagnose and treat our patients Preface to the Second Edition The role of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer patients is growing. The rapid pace of change has been fueledbyadvancesinunderstandingtumorbiology,ontheonehand,andthe developmentofspecificallytargetedmedicaltherapies,diagnosticagents,and radiotherapies, on the other. These advances suggested that an update and expansionofthecontentsofNuclearOncologywouldbetimely.Thesecond editionoffersspecialistsinimaging,radiotherapy,cancersurgery,andoncol- ogyinformationthatiscurrenttomanagepatientswithcancer. There are three major changes in this edition: first, the text has been expanded to include more detailed information on performing specific pro- cedures (e.g., radioguided surgery);second, thenumber ofclinical cases has beenincreasedto170,toprovideabroaderrangeofexamples,reflectingthe clinicalrangeoffindings;andthird,thiseditionwillbeavailableonSpringer’s electronic platform, allowing authors to continuously update the content of theirchapters. Thesecondeditionisdividedintosevenparts: Part1consistsof13chaptersofbasicscience.Thefirstchapterdescribesour understanding of cancer biology, including mechanisms of initiation of cancer and key tumor pathways that are attacked by specific therapeutic agents. This is followed by a discusion of mechanisms of molecular targeting and approved radiopharmaceuticals for single photon and posi- tron imaging as well as therapy. These chapters are mirrored by three chapters describing agents in development for diagnosis and therapy. Chapters on physics, instrumentation, and radiobiology complete the basicsciencesection. Part 2has 26chaptersthat address therolesofimaging inthediagnosis and staginginspecifictypesofcancer.Eachchapterstartswithareviewofthe epidemiologyofthecancer,followedbyadescriptionofthetypicalclinical presentation, criteria for staging, therapeutic alternatives, and monitoring theeffectivenessoftreatmentandsuveillancefollowingtherapy. vii viii PrefacetotheSecondEdition Part3hassevenchaptersthataddressradionuclidetherapyforthetreatmentof: Lymphoma Multiplemyelomaandleukemias Thyroidcancer Neuroendocrinetumors,withseparatechaptersdiscussingtheuseofMIBG andpeptidetherapy Skeletalmetastases Tumorsoftheliverandbiliarytreewithradiolabeledparticulates Part4hasfourchaptersonspecificapplicationsofradioguidedsurgery.Three chapters describe the instrumentation, radiopharmaceuticals, and clinical goals of radioguided surgery in patients with breast cancer, malignant melanoma,andheadandneckcancer.Thelastchapterofthissectioncovers novelapplicationsofthetechnology. Part5describesthedetectionandmanagementofheartdiseaseinthecancer patient. Part6presentsadverseeffectsofcancertherapy. Part7consistsof25chaptersofcases.Thesechaptersofcasessupplementthe caseexamplesillustratingspecificpointsineachoftheclinicalchapters. Thetexthasadetailedindex,whichwillhelpreaderslocatetheinformation theyseektocarefortheirpatients. We would like feedback from our readers about the text. Please address yourcommentstotheeditors. NewYork,NY,USA H.WilliamStrauss,M.D. Pisa,Italy GiulianoMariani,M.D. Pisa,Italy DuccioVolterrani,M.D. NewYork,NY,USA StevenM.Larson,M.D. Preface to the First Edition Cancer is a disease that was first described over 3500 years ago. While the designationcancerwascoinedbyHippocratescenturieslater,descriptionsof individualpatientswiththediseasearefoundinEgyptianpapyridatingfrom 1600BCE[1].Twopapyri,theEdwinSmithpapyrus(circa1600BCE)andthe GeorgeEberspapyrus(circa1500BCE),containcasedescriptionsconsistent withmodernobservationsofpatientswithcancer[2].Hippocrates,inthefifth centuryBCE,suggestedtherewasnocureforthesemaladies.Clinicalobser- vationsandlaboratorystudiesintheintervening2500yearshaveledtoabetter understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer and the realization that the diseasecanbeeffectivelytreated. There are four phases of most common malignant tumors: (1) Multiple geneticalterationsleadtoacelllosingcontrolofcelldivision,apoptosis,and DNArepair,resultinginamalignantchange,commonlyreferredtoastrans- formation. (2) The transformed cells are genetically programmed to grow. (3) The proliferating transformed cells invade surrounding local tissues. (4) Some of the transformed cells depart from the local tumor mass and colonizeadistantsite,resultingindistantmetastases[3]. Our current understanding of the pathophysiology of neoplasia has pro- videdspecificinformationonthenumerousgeneticchangesinthetransformed cell and on the impact of these changes on protein production by the trans- formed genome. Altered protein production may lead to an increase or decreaseintheexpressionofreceptors,productionofuniqueepitopesonthe cellsurface,andchangesinsubstrateutilizationbythetransformedcells. Understandingthemolecularmechanismsofspecificneoplasmshasledto the development of novel therapies, addressing specific control points in the lifecycleofthetransformedcell,anddefinedtheneedfordetailedstagingand characterization of the tumor, to develop a plan of treatment for the patient. This textbook provides the reader with information on the role of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with specific cancers.Eachchapterprovidesmaterialontheincidence,mainpathophysio- logicandclinicalaspectsofthedisease,staging,andmanagementofspecific tumors, with a major focus on the points to be addressed by the nuclear medicineprocedures. The book is composed of seven parts: Basic science is covered in Chaps. 1–6: The first chapter reviews fundamental aspects of the biology of cancerandthetumormass.Thenexttwochaptersdescribethechemistryand ix x PrefacetotheFirstEdition radiopharmacyformanufacturingsinglephotonandpositronemittingradio- pharmaceuticals.Thenextthreechaptersdealwiththephysicsofradionuclide decay,principlesofinstrumentation,followedbyradiobiologyanddosimetry. Clinical applications are covered in Chaps. 7–25. Radionuclide therapy is covered in Chaps. 26 and 27, and radioguided surgery is discussed in Chap. 28. Heart disease in the cancer patient is covered in Chap. 29, and adverseeffectsofcancertherapyinChap.30.InPartVII,TeachingCases,the bookconcludeswithaseriesofcases. Each clinical chapter discusses the radionuclide procedures within an integratedframeworkidentifyingtheinformationrequiredforeffectivetreat- mentofthatspecifictumor.Thefirstpartofeachchapterprovidesadescription oftheepidemiology,etiology,histologicandpathophysiologicclassification, prognosis,treatment,andthemostcommonoutcomeforeachtypeofcancer. This informationon basic/clinical oncologyisessential for thenuclearmed- icinespecialisttounderstandhowradionuclideimagingandtherapyshouldbe integrated with other imaging/therapeutic modalities to the benefit of the cancer patient. These discussions also highlight elements that should be contained in the report of the nuclear imaging procedure(s): depending on thetypeofcancerandthespecificgoalofimaging(initialstaging,evaluation ofresponsetotherapy,orsurveillanceforrecurrence),theImpressionsection ofthereportshouldclearlyanswertheclinicalquestion. NewYork,NY,USA H.WilliamStrauss,M.D. Pisa,Italy GiulianoMariani,M.D. Pisa,Italy DuccioVolterrani,M.D. NewYork,NY,USA StevenM.Larson,M.D. References 1. DibEG,KiddMR,SaltmanDC.Casereportsandthefightagainstcancer. JMedCaseReports.2008;2:39. 2. EbersPapyrus.http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ebers_papyrus. Accessed2Aug2011. 3. KumarV,AbbasAK,FaustoN.editors.Neoplasia.In:RobbinsandCotran pathologic basis of disease. 7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p.269–342. Acknowledgment Theeditorsareindebtedtoourcolleaguesfromdifferentgroupswhocontrib- uted additional teaching cases in the concluding section of the book. Their contributionsprovideexamplesofhownuclearoncologyplaysapracticalrole inpatientmanagementatcriticalpointsinthecareofpatients.Thefollowingis alistofthegroupsandcontributors: (cid:129) BiomedicalPhotonicImagingGroup,UniversityofTwente,Enschede,The Netherlands:R.H.J.A.Slart. (cid:129) Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark: K. Bouchelouche, C.M. Hoff, M.R. Jochumsen, M.A.Pedersen. (cid:129) Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherland: E.D. Telenga, A.W.J.M.Glaudemans,R.H.J.A.Slart. (cid:129) Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, HumanitasUniversity,Milan,Italy:A.Chiti,M.Kirienko,G.Manfrinato, L.Olivari. (cid:129) EndocrineUnit,DepartmentofClinicalandExperimentalMedicine,Uni- versity of Pisa, Pisa, Italy: V. Cappagli, R. Elisei, C. Giani, A. Matrone, E.Molinaro,L.Pieruzzi,D.Viola. (cid:129) InstituteofNuclearMedicine,UCLHNHSFoundationTrust,London,UK: K. Al-Riyami, S. Al Shammari, J.P. Connelly, F. Fraioli, D. Neriman, S.Wan. (cid:129) Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain:S.Vidal-Sicart. (cid:129) Nuclear Medicine Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK: L.Biassoni. (cid:129) Nuclear Medicine Unit, “S. Andrea” Hospital, La Spezia, Italy: A.Ciarmiello,V.Duce. (cid:129) Nuclear Medicine Unit, “S. Orsola-Malpighi” Hospital, Bologna, Italy: I.Bossert,S.Fanti,C.Nanni,E.Tabacchi. (cid:129) Nuclear Medicine Unit, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital, Rovigo,Italy:A.M.Maffione. (cid:129) Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hos- pital, Pretoria, South Africa: T. Boshomane, T. Lengana, F. Reyneke, M.Sathekge. xi
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