Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics

502 Pages·2017·9.9 MB·English

by  Ramesh Chandra PhD

Nuclear Medicine Physics
The Basics
EIGHTH EDITION
Ramesh Chandra, PhD
Emeritus Professor
Department of Radiology
New York University Langone Medical Center
New York, New York
Arman Rahmim, PhD
Associate Professor
Departments of Radiology, and Electrical & Computer
Engineering
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Chandra, Ramesh,
1938-author. | Rahmim, Arman, author.
Title: Nuclear medicine physics: the basics / Ramesh Chandra, PhD, Emeritus
Professor, Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center,
New York, NY, Arman Rahmim, PhD, Associate Professor, Departments of Radiology,
and Electrical & Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland.
Description: Eighth edition. | Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, [2018]
Identifiers: LCCN 2017040602 | ISBN 9781496381873
Subjects: LCSH: Medical physics. | Nuclear medicine. | Radioisotopes. | BISAC:
MEDICAL / Radiology & Nuclear Medicine.
Classification: LCC R895 .C47 2018 | DDC 610.1/53—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017040602
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To the future,
my grandsons,
Aidan, Liam, and Alexander
Ramesh
To my compassionate parents, Noorollah and Vaji
my caring wife, Zahra
and my curious children, Oleya and Matene
Arman
Preface
First and foremost, Dr. Chandra welcomes Dr. Arman Rahmim
as a coauthor for this new edition of the book.
The purpose and the audience for the new edition and the
subject matter remain the same as in previous editions. The
book is primarily addressed to resident and fellow physicians in
nuclear medicine, molecular imaging, and radiology, as well as
fellows in nuclear cardiology, who wish to acquire knowledge
of nuclear medicine. Nuclear medicine technologists wishing to
advance in their field should also find this book useful. The
book can also serve as a helpful resource for physicists and
other scientists entering or already involved in the nuclear
medicine specialty, as it provides a broad summary and grasp
of the field.
We have tried to write in a simple and concise manner,
including not only essential details but also many examples and
problems taken from the routine practice of nuclear medicine.
Basic principles and underlying concepts are explained.
Mathematical equations, or in some cases their derivations,
have been included only when it was felt their inclusion will
help the reader, and when it was essential for the proper
development of the subject matter. However, the reader is
warned that this is not an introductory book of physics, and,
therefore, familiarity on his or her part with the elementary
concepts of physics, such as units, energy, force, electricity,
and light, is assumed by the author.
There are a number of major changes in this edition. First,
given the significance of tomographic nuclear medicine
imaging, two new chapters have been added. Specifically, we
have expanded an old Chapter 14, “Emission Computed
Tomography,” into three new ones: (1) “Emission Computed
Tomography (ECT), General Principles”; (2) “Single-Photon
Emission Tomography (SPECT)”; and (3) “Positron Emission
Tomography (PET).” Chapter 5 has been expanded to
additionally include a range of important PET radiotracers, as
well as discussion of theranostic uses of radiopharmaceuticals.
A number of tables in the book have also been expanded to
include additional radiotracers of importance. In addition, old
chapters 10 and 11 have been combined together, and new
Chapter 11, “Computer Interfacing and Image Processing,” has
been added, with significant new content. The present edition
also contains the first use of color, which we hope improves the
quality and clarity of some of the illustrations. The book now
contains 116 figures, compared with 101 in the previous
edition. There are relatively minor changes in most other
chapters, providing updates and improved elucidation for the
topics at hand.
We are indebted to the many individuals who have been
sources of inspiration, learning, and support to us. Ramesh
Chandra is thankful to his wife, Mithilesh, for her support and
patience during the preparation of this book. Arman Rahmim is
especially grateful to Yong Du, Martin Lodge, Saeed Ashrafinia,
Jing Tang, and Thomas Schindler for valuable feedback and
help in preparation of new figures, as well as Jeff Young,
Melvin Reinhardt, Nicolas Karakatsanis, Steve Rowe, Charles
Marcus, George Sgouros, and Eric Frey for very helpful
discussions. Arman Rahmim is particularly indebted to his wife,
Zahra, for all her patience and support in the course of
preparing this work. We also thank the publishing staff for
their various help and cooperation in bringing our labor to
fruition.
Ramesh Chandra, New York, NY
Arman Rahmim, Baltimore, MD
Contents
Preface

1 Basic Review
Matter, Elements, and Atoms
Simplified Structure of an Atom
Molecules
Binding Energy, Ionization, and Excitation
Forces or Fields
Electromagnetic Forces
Characteristic X-Rays and Auger Electrons
Interchangeability of Mass and Energy
2 Nuclides and Radioactive Processes
Nuclides and Their Classification
Nuclear Structure and Excited States of a Nuclide
Radionuclides and Stability of Nuclides
Radioactive Series or Chain
Radioactive Processes and Conservation Laws
Alpha (α) Decay
Beta (β) Decay, or More Appropriately, Isobaric
Transition
Gamma (γ) Decay, or More Appropriately, Isomeric
Transition
Decay Schemes