Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions: Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions, held February 7–16, 1989, in Les Houches, France PDF
Preview Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions: Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions, held February 7–16, 1989, in Les Houches, France
Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions NA TO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London o Behavioral and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris, and Tokyo Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 19B-Mechanisms of Reactions of Organometallic Compounds with Surfaces edited by D. J. Cole-Hamilton and J. O. Williams Volume 199-Science and Technology of Fast Ion Conductors edited by H. L. Tuller and M. Balkanski Volume 200-Growth and Optical Properties of Wide-Gap II-VI Low Dimensional Semiconductors edited by T. C. McGill, C. M. Sotomayor Torres, and W. Gebhardt Volume201-Physics of Highly-Ionized Atoms edited by Richard Marrus Volume 202-Point and Extended Defects in Semiconductors edited by G. Benedek, A. Cavallini, and W. SchrOter Volume 203-Evaluation of Advanced Semiconductor Materials by Electron Microscopy edited by David Cherns Volume 204-Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics V edited by Thomas Ferbel Volume 205-Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions edited by Madeleine Soyeur, Hubert Flocard, ~ Bernard Tamain, and Madeleine Porneuf Series B: Physics Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions Edited by Madeleine Soyeur CEN-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette, France Hubert Flocard Institute of Nuclear Physics Orsay, France Bernard Tamain Institut des Sciences de la Matiere et du Rayonnement Caen, France and Madeleine Porneuf CEN-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette, France NASA S &T Library Washington, DC· 20546 Plenum Press New York and London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions, held February 7-16, 1989, In Les Houches, France Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions (1989: Les Houches, Haute-Savoie, France) Nuclear matter and heavy ion collisions I edited by Madeleine Soyeur ... ret al.]. p. cm.-(NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; vol. 205) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions, held February 7-16, 1989, in Les Houches, France"-T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5717-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5715-5 001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5715-5 1. Matter, Nuclear-Congresses. 2. Heavy ion collisions-Congresses. I. Soyeur, Madeleine. II. Title. III. Series: NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; v. 205. QC793.3.S8N374 1989 89.;22901 539.7-dc20 CIP © 1989 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1989 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher CENTRE FOR PHYSICS LES HOUCHES (FRANCE) Council Members : J.J. Payan, President, G. Lespinard, Vice-President, R. Balian, N. Boccara, C. DeWitt, S. Feneuille, J.P. Hansen, S. Haroche, J.L. Lacoume, R. Maynard, A. Neveu, A. Omont, Y. Rocard, R. Romestain, R. Stora, D. Thoulouze, N. Vinh Mau, G. Weill, J. Zinn-Justin Director: Nino Boccara, CEN-Saclay Session: Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions February 7-16, 1989 NATO Advanced Research Workshop Scientific Director: Madeleine Soyeur, CEN-Saclay Organizing Committee : Hubert Flocard, Institute for Nuclear Physics, Orsay Madeleine Soyeur, Institute for Fundamental Research, Saclay Bernard Tamain, University of Caen International Advisory Committee : Gerald E. Brown (Stony-Brook), Joseph Cugnon (Liege), Adriano Gobbi (GSI), Rudi Malfiiet (Groningen) v PREFACE The Winter School "Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions", a NATO Research Workshop held at Les Houches in February 89, has been devoted to recent developments in nuclear matter theory and to the study of central heavy ion collisions in which quasi macroscopic nuclear systems can be formed at various temperatures and densities. At in cident energies below 100 Me V per nucleon, the kinematic conditions are favourable for producing transient hot nuclei with temperatures of the order of a few MeV. At higher ener gies (100 MeV < E/A < 1-2 GeV) heavy ion collisions offer the possibility of investigating the properties of hot and dense nuclear systems. The Workshop has been motivated by important theoretical developments in transport equations whicll make it possible to relate microscopic descriptions of heavy ion collisions to nuclear matter theory and by the need to review the large body of data available on heavy ion collisions and discuss future experimental programs. This discussion was especially timely a few months before the new SIS/ESR Heavy Ion Fa.cility starts operating in Darmstadt. The School consisted mostly of series of lectures on nuclear matter, transport equations and the dynamics of heavy ion collisions. The data and their interpretation were exten sively discussed; the information carried by the various types of particles emitted during the collisions (photons, lepton pairs, pions, hons, nucleons, fragments) has been particu larlyemphasized. Specialized topics were presented as shorter contributions by participants. Three discussion sessions proved very helpful to summarize the results of the meeting and to suggest future directions of research. For this successful Winter School, we thank all the lecturers, the members of the In ternational Advisory Committee and our sponsors: NATO, the Commission of the Euro pean Communities, the Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres and the U niversite Scientifique et Medicale de Grenoble. It is a pleasure to thank also Nicole Leblanc and Anny Glomot who took care of all practical and administrative problems. The help of Dany Bunel for the preparation of these Proceedings is very gratefully acknowledged. Hubert Flocard Madeleine Soyeur Bernard Tamajn vii CONTENTS Invited Papers NUCLEAR MATTER WITH NON-RELATIVISTIC POTENTIALS: PRESENT STATUS ............................ 1 C. Mahaux and R. Sartor A RELATIVISTIC THEORY OF NUCLEAR MATTER ........... 37 B.D. Serot ELEMENTS OF A RELATIVISTIC MICROSCOPIC THEORY OF HADRONIC MATTER IN EQUILIBRIUM AND NON-EQUILIBRIUM .......... 73 R. MalHiet HOT NUCLEAR.. MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 V.R. Pandharipande and D.G. Ravenhall INTRODUCTION TO NON-RELATIVISTIC TRANSPORT THEORIES . 133 C. Gregoire RELATIVISTIC TRANSPORT THEORY OF FLUCTUATING FIELDS FOR HADRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 165 P.J. Siemens PION ABSORPTION IN NUCLEI .... 167 M. Thies FORMATION AND DECAY OF HOT NUCLEI: THE EXPERIMENTAL SITUATION ............ . · 187 D. Guerreau MULTIFRAGMENTATION OF NUCLEI · 231 C. Ngo NUCLEAR MATTER AND FRAGMENTING NUCLEI · 267 J.P. Bondorf and K. Sneppen COLLECTIVE PHENOMENA IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS: THE EXPERIMENTAL SITUATION ....... 287 K.H. Kampert ix INCLUSIVE EXPERIMENTS, CORRELATIONS AND PION PRODUCTION DATA ................. ........ 323 D. L'Hote CONFRONTATION OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON HIGH ENERGY HEAVY ION COLLISIONS . . . 343 M. Berenguer, C. Hartnack, G. Peilert, A. Rosenhauer, W. Schmidt, J. Aichelin, J.A. Maruhn, W. Greiner and H. Stocker MOMENTUM DEPENDENT MEAN FIELDS IN THE BUU MODEL OF HEAVY ION COLLISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 G.M. Welke HARD PHOTONS AND SUBTHRESHOLD MESONS FROM NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS · 405 E. Grosse MEASUREMENTS OF e+e- PAIR PRODUCTION AT THE BEVALAC . 417 J. Carroll STATUS OF THE SIS/ESR-PROJECT AT GSI ............... 429 P. Kienle Contributed Papers HEAVY IONS AT SATURNE ... 443 J. Arvieux PION POLARISATIONS IN THE RELATIVISTIC DIRAC-BRUECKNER MODEL · 447 F. de Jong, B. ter Haar and R. Malfliet CUT-OFF AND EFFECTIVE MESON FIELD THEORY · 451 M. Jaminon, G. Ripka and P. Stassart A NON-PERTURBATIVE TRANSPORT THEORY FOR NUCLEAR COLLECTIVE MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 453 H. Hofmann TIMESCALE OF PARTICLE EMISSION USING NUCLEAR INTERFEROMETRY ....... 457 D. Ardouin, P. Lautridou, D. Durand, D. Goujdami, F. Guilbault, C. Lebrun, A. Peghaire, J. Quebert and F. Saint-Laurent DETERMINATION OF TIME SCALES IN INTERMEDIATE ENERGY REACTIONS ......... 461 U. Lynen x FRAGMENT PRODUCTION AND NUCLEAR FREEZEOUT . . . . 465 W.G. Lynch A EXCITATION IN NUCLEI BY HEAVY ION CHARGE-EXCHANGE REACTIONS .......................... ... 469 M. Roy-Stephan MOMENTUM DEPENDENT POTENTIALS IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 471 V. Koch CLASSICAL MODELS OF HEAVY ION COLLISIONS · 475 T.J. Schlagel RELATIVISTIC MOLECULAR DYNAMICS AND THE RELATIVISTIC VLASOV EQUATION ........................ .. 477 M. Schonhofen, H. Feldmeier and M. Cubero STABILITY CONDITIONS AND VIBRATION MODES OF SELF-CONSISTENT VLASOV SOLUTIONS WITH DIFFUSE SURFACE ...... 481 S.J. Lee, E.D. Cooper, H.H. Gan and S. Das Gupta SIDEWARD FLOW OF CHARGED PARTICLES AND NEUTRONS IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS ...... 483 D. Keane, B.D. Anderson, A.R. Baldwin, D. Beavis, S.Y. Chu, S.Y. Fung, M. Elaasar, G. Krebs, Y.M. Liu, R. Madey, J. Schambach, G. VanDalen, M. Vient, S. Wang, J.W. Watson, G.D. Westfall, H. Wieman and W.M. Zhang DILEPTON RADIATION FROM HOT NUCLEAR MATTER AND NUCLEON-NUCLEON COLLISIONS ................... 487 C. Gale KAON AND PION PRODUCTION IN THE REACTION SILICON (14.5 AGeV) ON GOLD · 491 H. Sorge Participants · 495 Index · 499 xi NUCLEAR MA TIER WITH NONRELATIVISTIC POTENTIALS : PRESENT STATUS C. Mahaux and R. Sartor Institut de Physique B5, Universite de Liege 4000 Liege 1, Belgium 1. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of these lectures is twofold. Firstly, we describe theoretical me thods that have been devised to study the properties of nuclear matter, with particular em phasis on the ground state energy and on rearrangements of the perturbation expansion in powers of the strength of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. Secondly, we critically survey numerical results which have been published during the last few years. Our presentation is as follows. In Sec. 2, we define nuclear matter, enumerate some of its empirical properties and specify the basic assumptions of the theoretical model. Sec tion 3 is devoted to the various methods than can be used to calculate the quantities of inte rest, in particular the average binding energy per nucleon. In the subsequent sections, we focus on the perturbation expansion in powers of the strength of the nucleon-nucleon inter action. The flrst order term of this expansion is called the Hartree-Fock approximation; it is discussed in Sec. 4. Section 5 is devoted to the second and third order terms, with emphasis on their physical interpretation. The ladder summation that leads to the Brueckner reaction matrix is described in Sec. 6, where the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approximation is introdu ced. This approximation involves an "auxiliary" potential energy U(k) , attached to a nuc leon with momentum k. One usually tries to choose U(k) in such a way as to optimize the accuracy of the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approximation. Many debates concern the "best" choice of U(k). In the "standard choice", U(k) is large and attractive for k smaller than the Fermi momentum kF but is set equal to zero when k is larger than kF; U (k) then has a large discontinuity at kF. Numerical results derived from this "standard" Brueckner Hartree-Fock approximation are presented in Sec. 7. Higher order terms of the standard Brueckner expansion are discussed in Sec. 8. Section 9 describes results obtained from the so-called "continuous choice" of U(k) , which is characterized by the fact that U (k) is calculated self-consistently for all values of k. Another choice, recently advocated by Kuo and collaborators, is discussed in Sec. 10. Finally, Sec. 11 contains our conclusions.
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