Nuclear Facilities. A Designer's Guide

593 Pages·2016·56.478 MB·English

by  Bill Collum

Nuclear Facilities
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy:
Number 112
Nuclear Facilities
A Designer’s Guide
Bill Collum
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)CAMBRIDGE (cid:129)HEIDELBERG
LONDON (cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to my wife Maggie, who kept the
coffee flowing and uncomplainingly shared our home with this book
while patiently waiting for me to finish it.
It only took 6 years!
“Astheorganizationresponsibleforthedecommissioningandclean-up
oftheUKnuclearlegacy,wehavefirst-handexperienceofhowdesign
decisions made in the planning of a nuclear facility affect not only its
operationsbutalsoitsdecommissioning.Whetheritbeworkerdose,cost,
schedule, or simply how difficult a job is to access and perform, the
importance of early design decisions cannot be overstated. The NDA
isthereforedelightedtoseethisbook,whichpaysattentionthroughout
totheconsequencesofdesigndecisionsnotonlyonoperabilitybutalso
on decommissioning.”
Dr. Adrian Simper
Strategy and Technology Director, Nuclear
Decommissioning Authority (NDA)
“AstheleadskillsbodyfortheUKnuclearindustry,theNationalSkills
Academy for Nuclear (NSAN) is dedicated to improving capability
withintheindustry.Establishedbynuclearemployersandthegovernment,
we set the highest standards of excellence and, through a high-quality
network of training providers, lead programs that improve competency
within the supply chain. We welcome this book which, for the first time,
draws together a wealth of multidisciplinary information that previously
would have been difficult to accrue, even in an entire career. We believe
it will make a significant contribution to improving knowledge, and
therefore skills, within the nuclear sector.”
Jean Llewellyn OBE
Chief Executive, National Skills Academy
for Nuclear (NSAN)
List of figures
Chapter1—Nuclearfuelcycle
Fig.1.1 Nuclearreactordome. ©EDFEnergy 1
Fig.1.2 Nuclearfuelcycle. ©BillCollum 2
Fig.1.3 Opencasturaniummine. JohnCarnemolla/Shutterstock.com 3
Fig.1.4 Yellowcake. Istock 4
Fig.1.5 Magnoxfuelrod. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 4
Fig.1.6 Atomconstituents. ©BillCollum 5
Fig.1.7 Theatom. general-fmv/Shutterstock.com 6
Fig.1.8 Compositionofnaturaluranium. ©BillCollum 7
Fig.1.9 Zippe-typegascentrifuge. Fastfission 8
Fig.1.10 Centrifugecascade. ©URENCO 9
Fig.1.11 Nuclearfuelpellets. SciencePhotoLibrary 10
Fig.1.12 AGRfuelassembly. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 10
Fig.1.13 PWRfuelassembly. ©Westinghouse 11
Fig.1.14 Advancedgas-cooledreactor(AGR). SciencePhotoLibrary 12
Fig.1.15 Pressurizedwaterreactor(PWR). SciencePhotoLibrary 12
Fig.1.16 Heatexchanger. ©BillCollum 13
Fig.1.17 Boilingwaterreactor(BWR). SciencePhotoLibrary 14
Fig.1.18 Turbinehall. ©EDFEnergy 14
Fig.1.19 Reactorchargefloor. SciencePhotoLibrary 15
Fig.1.20 PWRfuelloading. SciencePhotoLibrary 15
Fig.1.21 Neutroncapture. ©BillCollum 17
Fig.1.22 Nuclearfission. BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock.com 17
Fig.1.23 Controlrods. Designua/Shutterstock.com 18
Fig.1.24 Examplechemicalelementvariations. ©BillCollum 20
Fig.1.25 Activationofcobalt-59. ©BillCollum 21
Fig.1.26 Activationofcobalt-59andsubsequentdecay. ©BillCollum 21
Fig.1.27 Formationofplutoniuminareactor. ©BillCollum 22
Fig.1.28 Distributionoftheapproximately1%plutoniuminirradiatedfuel. ©BillCollum 23
Fig.1.29 Gloveboxes. SciencePhotoLibrary 24
Fig.1.30 Fastbreederreactor(FBR). SciencePhotoLibrary 25
Fig.1.31 Reactorrefuelingmachine. ©EDFEnergy 27
Fig.1.32 Fuelcoolingpond. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 28
Fig.1.33 Initialfuelcoolingperiods. ©BillCollum 28
Fig.1.34 Fueltransportflasks. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 29
Fig.1.35 Spentfuelroutingoptions. ©BillCollum 30
xxvi Listoffigures
Fig.1.36 Dryfuelstoragecask. ©EDFEnergy 31
Fig.1.37 Copperdisposalcanister. ©PosivaOy 31
Fig.1.38 Reprocessing. ©BillCollum 33
Fig.1.39 De-claddingMagnoxfuelrod. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 33
Fig.1.40 Constituentsofspentfuel. ©BillCollum 34
Fig.1.41 Vitrifiedradioactivewaste. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 35
Fig.1.42 Vitrifiedwastestore. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 36
Fig.1.43 Fivehundredliterdrum. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 37
Fig.1.44 Threecubicmeterbox. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 37
Fig.1.45 Magnoxswarfencapsulatedina500Ldrum. ©Nuclear
DecommissioningAuthority 38
Fig.1.46 In-drummixing. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 38
Fig.1.47 Shieldedoverpacks. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 39
Fig.1.48 ModularILWstoragevault. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 40
Fig.1.49 ILWdrumbeingloweredintostoragetube. ©Nuclear
DecommissioningAuthority 40
Fig.1.50 Deepgeologicaldisposal. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 41
Fig.1.51 LLWdisposaldrum. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 42
Fig.1.52 LLWstoragevault. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 43
Chapter2—Radiation
Fig.2.1 Confininglightrays. Visual3Dfocus/Shutterstock.com 45
Fig.2.2 Transportingradioactivematerial. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 46
Fig.2.3 Electromagneticspectrum. PeterHermesFurian/Shutterstock.com 47
Fig.2.4 Shieldingagainstionizingradiation. ©BillCollum 48
Fig.2.5 Gloveboxes. SciencePhotoLibrary 49
Fig.2.6 Quantifyingexposuretoradiation. ©BillCollum 51
Fig.2.7 RadiationexposureintheUnitedKingdom. ©BillCollum.Datafrom
PublicHealthEngland 51
Fig.2.8 Radiationexposurelimits. ©BillCollum 53
Fig.2.9 Indicativeshieldingequivalents. ©BillCollum 54
Fig.2.10 Sphericaldispersion. SciencePhotoLibrary 55
Fig.2.11 Reductioninradiationenergyoverdistance. ©BillCollum 56
Fig.2.12 Thermoluminescentdosimeter(TLD). SciencePhotoLibrary 58
Fig.2.13 FingertipTLD. SciencePhotoLibrary 59
Fig.2.14 Electronicpersonaldosimeter(EPD). SciencePhotoLibrary 59
Chapter3—Radiologicalzoning
Fig.3.1 Radiationzones. ©BillCollum 63
Fig.3.2 Contaminationzones. ©BillCollum 67
Fig.3.3 Containmentzoneinterfaces. ©BillCollum 70
Fig.3.4 Startsequence. ©BillCollum 71
Fig.3.5 Monitoring—pass. ©BillCollum 72
Fig.3.6 Monitoring—fail. ©BillCollum 72
Fig.3.7 Dualradiologicalclassification. ©BillCollum 75
Listoffigures xxvii
Chapter4—Radiologicalchangerooms
Fig.4.1 Nuclearfacilitywithadministrationbuildingattached. ©Nuclear
DecommissioningAuthority 77
Fig.4.2 Nonradiologicalaccessroutes. ©BillCollum 79
Fig.4.3 Nuclearworker“basics.” ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 80
Fig.4.4 Securityturnstile. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 81
Fig.4.5 Bootbarrier. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 81
Fig.4.6 Bootbarrierprocedure—stepone. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 82
Fig.4.7 Bootbarrierprocedure—steptwo. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 83
Fig.4.8 Bootbarrierprocedure—stepthree. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 83
Fig.4.9 Airflowdirection. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 85
Fig.4.10 Monitoringarea. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 86
Fig.4.11 Monitoringsequence. ©BillCollum 87
Fig.4.12 Handmonitoring. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 88
Fig.4.13 Friskingstation. ©CANBERRA 89
Fig.4.14 Installedpersonnelmonitor(IPM). ©CANBERRA 90
Fig.4.15 IPMinuse—stepone. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 91
Fig.4.16 IPMinuse—steptwo. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 92
Fig.4.17 Healthphysicsoffice. ©BillCollum 93
Fig.4.18 C2/C3subchangeroom. ©BillCollum 96
Fig.4.19 Disposablebootcovers. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 97
Fig.4.20 Fullfacerespirator. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 97
Fig.4.21 C3/C4subchangeroom. ©BillCollum 100
Fig.4.22 Air-fedPVCsuitbeingfitted. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 101
Fig.4.23 Healthphysicistconductingmonitoring. ©NuclearDecommissioning
Authority 102
Chapter5—Structural
Fig.5.1 Nuclearfacilities. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 105
Fig.5.2 Steelworkgrid. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 106
Fig.5.3 Steelstanchion. ©BillCollum 107
Fig.5.4 Structuralgrid. ©BillCollum 108
Fig.5.5 Steelworkstructure. JamesSteidl/Shutterstock.com 109
Fig.5.6 Steelcolumnoffgrid. ©BillCollum 110
Fig.5.7 Steelbeamssupportingfloorconstruction. ©Nuclear
DecommissioningAuthority 111
Fig.5.8 Unbracedcube. ©BillCollum 111
Fig.5.9 Bracedcube. ©BillCollum 112
Fig.5.10 Bracingtypes. ©BillCollum 113
Fig.5.11 Typicalbracingarrangement. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 113
Fig.5.12 Portalframe. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 114
Fig.5.13 Overheadtravelingcrane. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 115
Fig.5.14 Precastconcretewallpanel. Istock 116
Fig.5.15 Precastconcreteplanks. wrangler/Shutterstock.com 116
xxviii Listoffigures
Fig.5.16 Insituconcretepouring. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 118
Fig.5.17 Shearwallreinforcingbars. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 118
Fig.5.18 Concretebanding. ©BillCollum 120
Fig.5.19 Concretestructurewithinasteelframedbuilding. ©Nuclear
DecommissioningAuthority 122
Fig.5.20 Slidingbearing. ©BillCollum 123
Fig.5.21 Phasedconcretepenetrationinformation. ©BillCollum 123
Fig.5.22 Seismiccategories. ©BillCollum 128
Fig.5.23 Aftermathofahurricane. JohnHuntington/Shutterstock.com 131
Fig.5.24 Claddingpanel. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 132
Fig.5.25 Windtunneltest. SciencePhotoLibrary 133
Fig.5.26 Shiftingsnow. Istock 135
Fig.5.27 Extremerainfall. PacoEspinoza/Shutterstock.com 137
Fig.5.28 Boxgutter. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 137
Chapter6—Processengineering
Fig.6.1 Closedcellprocessingfacility. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 139
Fig.6.2 Internalsofamaintenance-freeprocessingvessel. ©Nuclear
DecommissioningAuthority 140
Fig.6.3 Closedcellduringcommissioning. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 141
Fig.6.4 Closedcellcomputermodel. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 142
Fig.6.5 Massbalanceofafruitcake. ©BillCollum 144
Fig.6.6 Stratification. ©BillCollum 147
Fig.6.7 Centrifugalpump. Korotkevich/Shutterstock.com 151
Fig.6.8 Self-primingpump. ©BillCollum 152
Fig.6.9 Doubleblockandbleed. ©BillCollum 153
Fig.6.10 Remotelymaintainablepump. ©BillCollum 155
Fig.6.11 Reverseflowdiverter. ©Elsevier 156
Fig.6.12 Fluidicpumpingsystem—RFDinternal. ©BillCollum 157
Fig.6.13 Pipetting. ©BillCollum 158
Fig.6.14 Fluidicpumpingsystem—RFDexternal. ©BillCollum 160
Fig.6.15 Siphoning. ©BillCollum 162
Fig.6.16 Breakpot. ©BillCollum 163
Fig.6.17 Services. ©BillCollum 166
Fig.6.18 Servicesdistribution. imantsu/Shutterstock.com 167
Fig.6.19 Serviceshierarchy. ©BillCollum 168
Fig.6.20 Jogglebox. ©NuclearDecommissioningAuthority 169
Fig.6.21 Pump-roundarrangement. ©BillCollum 172
Fig.6.22 Pulsejetmixer. ©BillCollum 173
Fig.6.23 Airspargering. ©BillCollum 174
Fig.6.24 Evaporationprocess. ©BillCollum 176
Fig.6.25 Settlingtank—continuousflow. ©BillCollum 177
Fig.6.26 Settlingtank—batchprocess. ©BillCollum 178
Fig.6.27 Ionexchangecolumn. ©BillCollum 180
Fig.6.28 Packedcolumn. ©BillCollum 182