Novel Wastewater Treatment Applications Using Polymeric Materials

352 Pages·2023·14.693 MB·English

by  Fahim I.S., Badawi A.K., Emam H.E. (ed.)

Novel Wastewater
Treatment Applications
Using Polymeric Materials
Edited by
Irene S. Fahim, Ahmed K. Badawi and Hossam E. Emam
Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Polymers
www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers
Novel Wastewater Treatment
Applications Using Polymeric
Materials
Novel Wastewater Treatment
Applications Using Polymeric
Materials
Editors
IreneS.Fahim
AhmedK.Badawi
HossamE.Emam
MDPI•Basel•Beijing•Wuhan•Barcelona•Belgrade•Manchester•Tokyo•Cluj•Tianjin
Editors
IreneS.Fahim AhmedK.Badawi HossamE.Emam
TheNileUniversity El-MadinaHigherInstitute NationalResearchCentre
Egypt forEngineeringand Egypt
Technology
Egypt
EditorialOffice
MDPI
St.Alban-Anlage66
4052Basel,Switzerland
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Contents
AbouttheEditors............................................................................................................................................vii
StutiJha,RamaGaur,SyedShahabuddin,IrfanAhmadandNanthiniSridewi
Kinetic and Isothermal Investigations on the Use of Low Cost Coconut Fiber-Polyaniline
CompositesfortheRemovalofChromiumfromWastewater
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,4264,doi:10.3390/polym14204264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Hamid Najarzadekan, Muhammad Afzal Kamboh, Hassan Sereshti, Irfan Ahmad, Nanthini
Sridewi, Syed Shahabuddin and Hamid Rashidi Nodeh
Headspace Extraction of Chlorobenzenesfrom Water Using Electrospun Nanofibers Fabricated
with Calix[4]arene-Doped Polyurethane–Polysulfone
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,3760,doi:10.3390/polym14183760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Hamid Najarzadekan, Hassan Sereshti, Irfan Ahmad, Syed Shahabuddin, Hamid Rashidi
Nodeh and Nanthini Sridewi
Superhydrophobic Nanosilica Decorated Electrospun Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanofibers for
Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction of 16 Organochlorine Pesticides in Environmental Water
Samples
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,3682,doi:10.3390/polym14173682 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Haniyeh Najafvand Drikvand, Mitra Golgoli, Masoumeh Zargar, Mathias Ulbricht, Siamak
Nejati and Yaghoub Mansourpanah
Thermo-Responsive Hydrophilic Support for Polyamide Thin-Film Composite
Membranes with Competitive Nanofiltration Performance
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,3376,doi:10.3390/polym14163376 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
WafaShamsanAl-Arjan
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application in Adsorption of Toxic Dye from Aqueous
Solution
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,3086,doi:10.3390/polym14153086 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Noureddine Mahdhi, Norah Salem Alsaiari, Abdelfattah Amari and Mohamed Ali
Chakhoum
Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Capillary-Driven Flow in Water Nanofilters Based on Chitosan
Cellulose and Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanocomposites: A Theoretical Study
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,2908,doi:10.3390/polym14142908 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
ThanchanokRatvijitvech
Fe-ImmobilisedCatechol-BasedHypercrosslinkedPolymerasHeterogeneousFentonCatalyst
forDegradationofMethyleneBlueinWater
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,2749,doi:10.3390/polym14132749 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
MajedAlAnazi,IsmailAbdulazeezandOthmanCharlesS.AlHamouz
SelectiveRemovalofIron,Lead,andCopperMetalIonsfromIndustrialWastewaterbyaNovel
Cross-LinkedCarbazole-PiperazineCopolymer
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,2486,doi:10.3390/polym14122486 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
AlejandroOnchi,CarlosCorona-Garc´ıa,ArletteA.Santiago,MohamedAbatal,TaniaE.Soto,
IsmeliAlfonsoandJoelVargas
Synthesis and Characterization of Thiol-Functionalized Polynorbornene Dicarboximides
for HeavyMetalAdsorptionfromAqueousSolution
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,2344,doi:10.3390/polym14122344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
v
Abdallah Tageldein Mansour, Ahmed E. Alprol, Khamael M. Abualnaja,
Hossam S. El-Beltagi, Khaled M. A. Ramadan and Mohamed Ashour
Dried Brown Seaweed’s Phytoremediation Potential for Methylene Blue Dye Removal from
Aquatic Environments
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,1375,doi:10.3390/polym14071375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Iram Ayaz, Muhammad Rizwan, Jeffery Layton Ullman, Hajira Haroon, Abdul Qayyum,
Naveed Ahmed, Basem H. Elesawy, Ahmad El Askary, Amal F. Gharib and
Khadiga Ahmed Ismail
Lignocellulosic Based Biochar Adsorbents for the Removal of Fluoride and Arsenic from
Aqueous Solution: Isotherm and Kinetic Modeling
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,715,doi:10.3390/polym14040715 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
YuxinChen,YujuanChen,DandanLuandYunrenQiu
Synthesis of a Novel Water-Soluble Polymer Complexant Phosphorylated Chitosan for Rare
EarthComplexation
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,419,doi:10.3390/polym14030419 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
VairavelParimelazhagan,GauthamJeppuandNakulRampal
ContinuousFixed-BedColumnStudiesonCongoRedDyeAdsorption-DesorptionUsingFree
andImmobilizedNelumbonuciferaLeafAdsorbent
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,54,doi:10.3390/polym14010054 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
NoufF.Al-Harby,EbtehalF.AlbahlyandNadiaA.Mohamed
Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies for Efficient Adsorption of Congo Red Dye
fromAqueousSolutionontoNovelCyanoguanidine-ModifiedChitosanAdsorbent
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,4446,doi:10.3390/polym13244446 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
AdedapoOluwasanuAdeolaandPhiliswaNosizoNomngongo
Advanced Polymeric Nanocomposites for Water Treatment Applications: A Holistic
Perspective
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,2462,doi:10.3390/polym14122462 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Anton Manakhov, Maxim Orlov, Vyacheslav Grokhovsky, Fahd I. AlGhunaimi and
Subhash Ayirala
Functionalized Nanomembranes and Plasma Technologies for Produced Water Treatment: A
Review
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,1785,doi:10.3390/polym14091785 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
HamadNooriHamadandSyazwaniIdrus
RecentDevelopmentsintheApplicationofBio-Waste-DerivedAdsorbentsfortheRemovalof
MethyleneBluefromWastewater:AReview
Reprintedfrom:Polymers2022,14,783,doi:10.3390/polym14040783 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
vi
About the Editors
IreneS.Fahim
IreneS.FahimisanassociateProfessor, IndustrialandServiceEngineeringandManagement
department,NileUniversityCairo,Egypt.Sheistheleaderfortheindustrialandmanufacturingtrack
intheSmartEngineeringsystemsresearchcenter,NileUniversity.Shewonthestateencouragement
award for women 2021. Irene participated in Fulbright Junior Faculty program for renewable
energy,2016andparticipatedinEntrepreneurshipandleadershipProgram,1000Women,Goldman
Sachs,2016. ShegotNewtonMosharfainstitutionallinkawardfortwoyearsincollaborationwith
Nottingham University, UK. for manufacturing plastic bags from natural materials where she got
acknowledgedbyMrPresidentEl-SISIforherworkatthe3rdnationalyouthconferenceinIsmailia,
April2017. Ireneisinterestedinstudyingthesustainabilityconceptandshewasaco-authorofa
bookentitled“SustainabilityandInnovation”,AUCpress,2015. IreneisavolunteerinIEEESmart
Village committee and active member in the organizing committee for IEEE Conferences such as
IEEEPowerAfrica2017,whereIreneplanstoextendtheIEEEsmartvillagecommitteeinEgyptto
supplysolarelectricityinpoorvillages. SheisalsooneofthemembersintheEventsCommitteeof
theIEEEHumanitarianActivities,2018.SheisalsothetechnicalchairforthefirstIEEESIGHTEgypt
ideationcamp2018.
AhmedK.Badawi
Ahmed K. Badawi is an assistant professor in Environmental Engineering (E.E). He received
his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in E.E and was appointed as a university professor at 29 years old.
Dr. Karam’sresearchfocusesonmunicipalandindustrialwastewatertreatmentusinginnovative
approaches. He has investigated the viability of applying algal–bacterial photo-bioreactors for
wastewater treatment in large scale applications. He has also investigated several nano-sized
advanced/hybrid materials for industrial wastewater treatment. Dr. Badawi is a specialist in
pilot plant design, fabrication, and implementation. He has designed and constructed several
pilot plants in different WWTPs and factories. He has published in several high-impact journals
(Q1&Q2)andinternationalconferencesandisanactingeditorandrevieweratseveralreputable
internationaljournals. Hehaseditedandreviewedover(120)manuscriptsandwasacknowledged
asaneditor/reviewerbyseveralinternationaljournals.HehasalsoservedasanactingPI/Co-PIfor
manynationalandinternationalfundedgrants.
HossamE.Emam
HossamE.EmamisaProfessorinDepartmentofPretreatmentandFinishingofCellulosicFibers,
TextileResearchDivision,NationalResearchCentre,Giza,Egypt.
vii
polymers
Article
Kinetic and Isothermal Investigations on the Use of Low Cost
Coconut Fiber-Polyaniline Composites for the Removal of
Chromium from Wastewater
StutiJha1,RamaGaur1,*,SyedShahabuddin1,*,IrfanAhmad2andNanthiniSridewi3,*
1 DepartmentofChemistry,SchoolofTechnology,PanditDeendayalEnergyUniversity,KnowledgeCorridor,
Raysan,Gandhinagar382426,Gujarat,India
2 DepartmentofClinicalLaboratorySciences,CollegeofAppliedMedicalSciences,KingKhalidUniversity,
Abha61421,SaudiArabia
3 DepartmentofMaritimeScienceandTechnology,FacultyofDefenceScienceandTechnology,National
DefenceUniversityofMalaysia,KualaLumpur57000,Malaysia
* Correspondence:[email protected](R.G.);[email protected]
[email protected](S.S.);[email protected](N.S.);Tel.:[phone](S.S.);
[phone](N.S.)
Abstract: Pollutionduetovariousheavymetalsisincreasingatanalarmingrate. Removalof
hexavalentchromiumfromtheenvironmentisasignificantandchallengingissueduetoitstoxic
effectsontheecosystem. Developmentofalow-costadsorbentwithbetteradsorptionefficiency
ispresentlyrequired.Inthisstudy,wastecoconutfibers(CF)wereusedtoprepareitscomposite
withpolyaniline(PANI)viain-situoxidation. Theobtainedcompositeswithvaryingloadingof
PANI(15,25,50,and75%w/w)werecharacterizedbyFE-SEM,TGA,andFTIRspectroscopy.The
Citation:Jha,S.;Gaur,R.; preparedcompositeswereevaluatedfortheiradsorptionperformanceforremovalofCr(VI).It
Shahabuddin,S.;Ahmad,I.;Sridewi,
wasconcludedthatthecompositewith50%w/wpolyanilineloadingoncoconutfiberexhibiteda
N.KineticandIsothermal
maximumadsorptionefficiencyof93.11%in30min.TheeffectofpH,dosage,andconcentration
InvestigationsontheUseofLow
oftheaqueoussolutionofchromiumontheCr(VI)adsorptionefficiencyofthecompositewas
CostCoconutFiber-Polyaniline
alsostudied.Fromtheoptimizationstudiesitwasobservedthattheabsorbentsexhibitedthebest
CompositesfortheRemovalof
ChromiumfromWastewater. adsorptionresponseforCr(VI)removalwith0.25mg/mLadsorbentatpH4,in30min.Theeffect
Polymers2022,14,4264. https:// ofpH,dosage,andconcentrationoftheaqueoussolutionofchromiumontheCr(VI)adsorption
doi.org/10.3390/polym14204264 efficiencyofthecompositewasalsostudied. Thisstudyhighlightstheapplicationoflow-cost
adsorbentasapotentialcandidatefortheremovalofhexavalentchromium.Adetailedstudyonthe
AcademicEditors:IreneS.Fahim,
adsorptionkineticsandisothermalanalysiswasconductedfortheremovalofCr(VI)fromaqueous
AhmedK.BadawiandHossam
solutionusingcoconutfiber-polyanilinecomposite.Fromthekineticinvestigation,theadsorption
E.Emam
wasfoundtofollowthepseudosecondordermodel.ThedataobtainedwerebestfittedtotheElovich
Received:5September2022 modelconfirmingthechemisorptionoftheCr(VI)oncoconutpolymercomposites.Theanalysisof
Accepted:7October2022
theisothermalmodelsindicatedmonolayeradsorptionbasedontheLangmuiradsorptionmodel.
Published:11October2022
Publisher’sNote:MDPIstaysneutral Keywords: adsorption; heavy metals; environmental remediation; wastewater; polyaniline;
withregardtojurisdictionalclaimsin coconutfiber
publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffil-
iations.
1.Introduction
Heavymetalpollutionisaprimeconcernforthesocietyduetotheirtoxicity,persistent
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
natureandbioaccumulationintheenvironment[1]. Heavymetalsaremetalswithden-
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. sitiesgreaterthan5gm/cm3andatomicnumbersgreaterthan20[2].Suchmetalsposea
Thisarticleisanopenaccessarticle
seriousthreattohuman,plant,andanimalhealth. Becauseoftheirtoxicity,heavymetal
distributed under the terms and
removalshouldbeconsidered. Heavymetalsareomnipresentintheenvironment, the
conditionsoftheCreativeCommons
concentrationofwhichisincreasingduetomoderndayurbanizationandindustrializa-
Attribution(CCBY)license(https://
tion[3].HeavymetalsincludeCr,Hg,Pb,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Sn,andCd,etc. Chromiumis
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/). anaturallyoccurringelementwithvalencyrangingfromIItoVI[4]. Themainoxidation
Polymers2022,14,4264.https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14204264 1 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers
Polymers2022,14,4264
stateofchromiumisIIIandVI.Whenchromiumisreleasedintotheenvironmentdueto
variousactivities,itismainlyinitshexavalentform[5].Thehexavalentstateofchromiumis
morestableandmobilethanitstrivalentstate. Cr(VI)isacommoncontaminantinmany
environmentalsystemsasitiswidelyusedinvariousprocessessuchasindyesandpig-
ments,leathertanning,chromeplating,etc.[6–8].Manymethodsareimplementedforthe
removalofheavymetallikeadsorption,electrodialysis,ion-exchange,reverseosmosis,and
ultra-filtration,etc.[9–14].Amongallthemethodsusedforheavymetalremediation,adsorp-
tionisthemostwidelyadaptedmethod[15].Theadsorptionmethodinvolvesasimpleset
upandhashigherperformanceefficiency.Itisaregenerativeandacost-effectivemethod
makingitthemostfeasiblemethodforheavymetalremoval[16].Manylow-costadsorbents
havebeenusedbyresearchersfortheadsorptionstudyofchromium.Severalstudiesusing
agriculturalwastessuchasbananapeels,citruslimettapeels,coconuthusk,potatopeels,
palmpressedfibers,andsawdust,etc.asanadsorbentforthetreatmentofchromiumhave
beenreported[17–21].However,theirefficiencyislimitedandcanbemodifiedbycombining
themwithothersuitablematerials.Thisawakensthenecessityofdevelopmentofnewor
modificationofthealreadyusedadsorbentsforeffectiveCr(VI)removal.
Recently,conductingpolymershaveattractedalotofattentioninpollutantadsorp-
tionduetotheirpropertiessuchasspecialmorphologies,functionalgroupsandsimple
syntheticprocedure[22]. Theyhavetheabilitytoremoveheavymetalsthroughcom-
plexationandion-exchangemechanism[23].Polyaniline(PANI)isapolymerwhichhas
beenexploredinrecentyearsforitspotentialasaheavymetaladsorbent. PANI,acon-
ductingpolymerwithterminalamine(–NH2)grouphasexcellentpropertiessuchashigh
surfacearea,adjustablesurfacechemistry,desirableporesizedistribution,rigidity,and
economicalregeneration[24].ApartfromPANI,PANI-basedcompositeshavealsobeen
studiedfortheirapplicationinheavymetaladsorption. PANI-basedcompositesoffer
addedadvantagessuchashighersurfacearea,higherdispersibility,enhancedadsorption
performance,andcombinedpropertiesofthepolymerandthesubstrate[22,25]. Dutta
etal. (2021)synthesizedpolyaniline-polypyrrolecopolymercoatedgreenricehuskash
andinvestigateditspotentialforCr(VI)removal[26]. PANI-jutefiberwassynthesized
byKumaretal.(2008)forremovalofhexavalentchromiumfromwastewater[27].PANI-
magneticmesoporessilicacompositewasusedanadsorbentforchromiumadsorptionby
Tangetal. (2014)[28].HexavalentchromiumwasadsorbedonthesurfaceofPANI-rice
husknanocompositebyGhorbanietal. (2011)[29]. Leietal. hasreportedtheuseof
PANI-magneticchitosancompositefortheremovalofhexavalentchromium[30].Rahmi
etal. reportedtheuseofusingchitosanbasedcompositeschitosanfortheremovalof
Cd(II)fromitsaqueoussolution[31,32].Cr(VI)wasadsorbedusinggelatinecomposites
inastudyreportedbyMarcianoetal.[33]. Fromtheliteraturereview,itwasinferred
thatallthesimilarstudieshaveeitherreportedtheuseoflargeamountofadsorbents
(1to125g/L)fortheremovalofcontaminantsoramoretimeconsumingprocess(up
to5to6h). Inaddition,theremovalefficiencyisalsolessincomparisontothepresent
study.Thus,itwasobservedthatthepresentstudyofferscertainadvantagessuchasusing
low-costadsorbent,lessadsorbentdosage,andhighefficiencyinlesstime.Inthisstudy,
coconutfibershavebeenusedasasubstrateandPANIhasbeendispersedonitssurface
usingin-situpolymerization.Agriculturalwastesuchascoconutfiberhasadvantagesover
othersubstratessuchasbeingeasycollectableandavailablewithlessornocost.Moreover,
itinvolvessimpleprocessingsteps(washing,drying,sieving)andthusreducesenergyand
productioncost.ThisstudyaimstofocusonthesynthesisofPANI-coconutfiberandits
applicationforCr(VI)removal.ItalsoreportstheeffectofvariousparameterssuchaspH,
adsorbentdosageandconcentrationofCrontheadsorptioncapacityofthecomposite.A
detailedinvestigationonthekineticaspectsandadsorptionisothermhasbeenperformed.
2
Polymers2022,14,4264
2.MaterialsandMethods
2.1.Materials
Inthisstudy,coconutshellswerecollectedfromthelocalmarketofGandhinagar,
Gujarat,India.Potassiumdichromate(K2Cr2O7)(SRL(Ahemdabad,Gujarat,India)AR
grade,extrapure,99.9%)wasusedasthesourceofCr(VI).Anilineusedinthisprocesswas
purifiedusingdistillationprocessprioruse.Allthechemicalsusedforthepreparationof
compositesincludinganiline,ammoniumpersulfate(APS)(SigmaAldrich(Ahemdabad,
Gujarat,India),reagentgrade,98%),HCl(Finar(Ahemdabad,Gujarat,India),ARgrade,
37%purity)wereusedasreceived.Allthedilutionsperformedinthisstudywerecarried
outusingmilliporewater.
2.1.1.Pre-TreatmentofCoconutFibers
Thecollectedcoconutshellswereseparatedintococonutfibers(CF)andwashedto
removedirt. Thecoconutfiberswerethendriedundershade. Thedriedcoconutfibers
werecutintopiecesbeforegrindingthemtomakeafinepowder.Theobtainedcoconut
fiberpowderwassievedtoobtainparticlesofuniformsize(≤75microns).
2.1.2.SynthesisofPolyaniline(PANI)andPolyaniline-CoconutFiber(PANI-CF)
Composites
Thecompositeswerepreparedwithdifferentw/w%loadingofPANIonCF.PANI
waspreparedbyin-situoxidationmethod. Forthisprocess,asolutionofanilinein1M
HClwasprepared.Anothersolutionofammoniumpersulphate(APS)dissolvedin1M
HClwasaddeddropwisewithconstantstirringfor2–3h.Thereactiontemperaturewas
◦
maintainedbetween0to5 C.Subsequently,thereactionmixturewasfilteredandwashed
with0.5MHCluntilthefiltratebecamecolorlessandthenwithdeionizedwateruntil
◦
thefiltratebecameneutral.Then,theobtainedPANIwasdriedinvacuumovenat80 C
overnight.ThecompositeswithvaryingloadingofPANIwerepreparedusingasimilar
approach.TheschematicflowofboththeprocessesisshowninFigureS1a,b(Supplemen-
taryMaterials). ThedigitalimagesofthepreparedcompositesareshowninFigureS1c
(SupplementaryMaterials).
Compositeswerepreparedwithdifferentw/w%loadingofPANI.Thesampleswere
codedasCFC15,CFC25,CFC50andCFC75for15%,25%,50%and75%PANI,respectively.
Forpreparationofallthecomposites,thestartingweightofCFwaskept0.5gmandthe
weightofPANIwasvaried.RestallstepsweresimilartothesynthesisofPANI.Depending
onthecompositionofPANI,thepreparedsampleswerenamedCFC15,CFC25,CFC50,
andCFC75aslistedinTable1.
Table1.Nomenclatureandstartingweightofthereagentsforthepreparationofcomposites.
Weightof
SampleCode CF(gm) WeightofPANI(gm) WeightofAPS(gm)
Product(gm)
CFC15 0.5 0.075 0.231 0.34
CFC25 0.5 0.15 1.54 0.36
CFC50 0.5 0.5 1.54 0.81
CFC75 0.5 1.5 4.63 1.25
3.Characterization
Allthesamplesinthepresentstudywereanalyzedfortheirfunctionalgroups,mor-
phologyandthermalstabilityusingdifferentcharacterizationtechniquessuchasFourier-
transforminfraredspectroscopy(FT-IR),FieldEmission-ScanningElectronMicroscopy(FE-
SEM),andThermalgravimetricanalyzer(TGA).TheFouriertransform-infraredspectraof
thesampleswererecordedusingFT-IRspectrometerPerkinElmer(Mumbai,Maharashtra,
India),spectrum2modelinATRmodeinascanrangeof400to4000cm−1.TheFE-SEM
imagesofthesamplesweretakeninZeissultra55model(Bangalore,Karnataka,India)
3