Novel Strategies in the Design and Production of Vaccines PDF
Preview Novel Strategies in the Design and Production of Vaccines
NOVEL STRATEGIES IN THE DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF VACCINES ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 389 INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN CATABOLISM Edited by Koichi Suzuki and Judith S. Bond Volume 390 ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: A Crisis in Health Care Edited by Donald L. Jungkind, Joel E. Mortensen, Henry S. Fraimow, and Gary B. Calandra Volume 391 NATURAL TOXINS 2: Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Detection Edited by Bal Ram Singh and Anthony T. Tu Volume 392 FUMONISINS IN FOOD Edited by Lauren S. Jackson, Jonathan W. DeVries, and Lloyd B. Bullerman Volume 393 MODELING AND CONTROL OF VENTILATION Edited by Stephen J. G. Semple, Lewis Adams, and Brian J. Whipp Volume 394 ANTIVIRAL CHEMOTHERAPY 4: New Directions for Clinical Application and Research Edited by John Mills, Paul A. Volberding, and Laurence Corey Volume 395 OXYTOCIN: Cellular and Molecular Approaches in Medicine and Research Edited by Richard Ivell and John A. Russell Volume 396 RECENT ADVANCES IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS Edited by Mohan K. Raizada, M. Ian Phillips, and Colin Sumners Volume 397 NOVEL STRATEGIES IN THE DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF VACCINES Edited by Sara Cohen and Avigdor Shafferman A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. NOVEL STRATEGIES IN THE DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF VACCINES Edited by Sara Cohen and Avigdor Shafferman Israel Institute for Biological Research Ness-Ziona, Israel Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data On file Proceedings of the 39th OHOLO Conference on Vaccines: Novel Strategies in Design and Production, held May 7-11,1995, in Eilat, Israel ISBN 978-1-4899-1384-5 ISBN 978-1-4899-1382-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-1382-1 © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 1098765432 1 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher 39TH OHOLO CONFERENCE Eliat, Israel, May 7-11, 1995 SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Avigdor Shaffennan Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel Sara Cohen Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel MosheWhite Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel Shaul Reuveny Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel Baruch Velan Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE Ruth Arnon Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Jonathan Gershoni Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Rino Rappuoli IRIS, Siena, Italy Amos Panet B.T.G., Jerusalem, Israel Jerald Sadoff WRAIR, Washington D.C., United States Florian SchOdel Insenn, Lyon, France Raymond Spier Surrey University, Guildford, United Kingdom v ALEXANDER KOHN 1919-1994 The tradition of the OHOLO Conferences was initiated 39 years ago in 1955 in Oholo on the banks of the Lake of Galilee. The aim of these was to bring together scientists from abroad and from Israel and set the grounds for ongoing scientific interactions. The founder and the driving force behind the OHOLO Conference was Professor Alexander Kohn, known to everybody by his nickname Leshek. By finding the right balance between serious scientific discussions and a very friendly atmosphere, Leshek established the specific character of the OHOLO meetings. Leshek was famous for his generous hospitality. He spared no effort in providing a warm welcome to the guests, from tours of historic sites to entertainment in the evening, the epitome of which were his productions, depicting the topic of the specific conference in a humoristic way. He pursued this task until his retirement from the Israel Institute for Biological Research, HBR Ness Ziona in 1984. Professor Alexander Kohn was born on March 8, 1919, in Poland. At the age of 18 he emigrated to Israel where he studied microbiology at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem from 1937-1940. Being aware ofthe fate of the Jewish people during the Second World War, he joined the Jewish Brigade (8th Army) and fought in North Africa and Italy through 1946. After an absence of 6 years, he resumed his studies in the Hebrew University, and received his M.Sc. degree in bacteriology in 1947. His Ph.D. thesis, dealing with the behavior of microorganisms in the air under normal and artificial conditions, was awarded to him in 1952. Leshek joined IIBR in 1952 and very soon became one of the leading faculty members of the institute. In 1956 he was appointed Head of the Department of Biophysics, in 1960 he became Deputy Director for Research, and in 1970 he was appointed the position of Director of IIBR. His activity at IIBR was interspersed with sabbatical leaves at the Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, where he collaborated with Prof. W. Szybalski, at the Molecular Biology and Virus Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, at the Imperial Cancer Research Foundation, London, and at the Virus Oncology Laboratory, University of Chicago. vii viii Dedication Prof. Kohn acted as Vice President of the Israel Association for the Advancement of Science, as well as president of the Israel Society for Microbiology, and served as member of the editorial boards of the Israf!l Journal of Medical Science, the Journal of Medical Virology, and Gene. He was appointed as Professor for Microbiology at the Tel-Aviv University, Medical School and later acted as senate member. Prof. Kohn's main research activity revolved around viruses and development of viral vaccines, for human and veterinary diseases. In addition, he was fascinated by the process of virus-cell interactions (budding), which eventually led him to numerous studies of membrane structure and function. During the last period of his life, he applied his vast knowledge of viral diseases to development of methods for rapid viral diagnostics. Prof. Kohn's scientific publications totaled more than two hundred papers in re viewed journals and meetings. He was an editor and author of six books. His two last books are connected with moral issues related to research. False Prophets deals with fraud and error in science and medicine, and Fortune and Failure deals with missed opportunities and chance discoveries in science. Humor played a central part in Prof. Kohn's life. He was the founder and editor oft he Journal ofI rreproducible Research (J.I.R.), a satirical journal where scientists laugh at science and themselves. Leshek died on November 29, 1994, after a short illness. His wife Chana, his son Yoram and his daughter Ruth, and four grandchildren at his bedside. PREFACE Vaccination is one of the most efficient and cost effective methods of promoting human health and has been in clinical use for at least 200 years. Nevertheless, infectious diseases continue to constitute a constant threat to the well being of humanity. Common pathogens, once believed to be under control, acquire increased virulence and resistance to drugs, while exotic microorganisms emerged from hidden reservoirs to cause yet incurable diseases in humans. These changes, together with epidemic outbreaks related to political and socio-economic instabilities, increase the needs for the development of new, advanced vaccines. In this volume, devoted to the proceedings of the 39th OHOLO Conference, we present some of the recent strategies for the design and production of novel vaccines. The advent of recombinant DNA technology has stimulated the production of several subunit vaccines. In spite of the obvious advantages to this approach, the limited immuno genicity of many subunit candidates has hindered their development. Strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines is therefore critical. Several approaches toward this goal, including design of novel adjuvants and delivery systems as well as design of advantageous carriers, are presented here. Among the carriers evaluated here are polypep tides (flagellin, HBV core antigen, J3-galactosidase), attenuated virions (Vaccinia, Sindbis), and nonpathogenic licensed bacteria (Salmonella). The developments in molecular biology have also provided the tools for design of a new generation of live vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines and native detoxified toxins, derived in the past by empirical methods, can now be engineered by precise molecular tailoring to offer a greater level of safety. This approach is exemplified in this volume by the generation of genetically modified pertusis and cholera toxin vaccines, hybrid SFVI Sindbis alphavirus, and attenuated bacterial vaccines for anthrax and cholera. An additional development in the field of bacterial vaccines is related to the recent large-scale application of subcellular fractions as demonstrated here for staphylcocci poly saccharide vaccine and meningococcal outer membrane protein. This was brought about by improving immunogenicity of these fractions by appropriate formulation. The recent most revolutionary development in vaccination is related to nucleic acid vaccines. Such vaccines are of particular interest not only for novelty of the concept but also for practical advantages, as well as their capacity to generate both cellular and humoral responses. The power of this approach is exhibited in this volume by evaluation of DNA based vaccines to influenza, HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of novel vaccines relies very much on the availability of effective procedures for their production and evaluation in humans. Advances in vaccine production in recent years include development of well characterized, validated manufacturing proc esses with appropriate in-process controls as exemplified here in production of hepatitis and influenza vaccines and formulation of various combination vaccines. Determination of ix x Preface efficacy in preclinical and specifically in clinical trials is the ultimate step in vaccine development. The complexity of such evaluation is demonstrated for HN, and an example for efficacy assessment in humans under field conditions is presented for a live Shigella vaccme. These proceedings cannot, obviously, encompass all the advances made in vaccine development during the recent years. Nevertheless, the directions and strategies presented here offer reasons for hope that many novel vaccines for prevention, control, and possibly eradication of diseases will be available for use in the near future. We are obliged to all the contributors to this volume and to our colleagues: Ruth Arnon, Jonathan Gershoni, Amos Panet, Rino Rappuoli, Shaul Reuveny, Jerald Sadoff, Florian SchOdel, Raymond Spier, Baruch Velan, and Moshe White.
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