Novel Mechanisms of Memory PDF
Preview Novel Mechanisms of Memory
Karl Peter Giese · Kasia Radwanska Editors Novel Mechanisms of Memory Novel Mechanisms of Memory Karl Peter Giese • Kasia Radwanska Editors Novel Mechanisms of Memory Editors Karl Peter Giese Kasia Radwanska Institute of Psychiatry Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology King’s College London Polish Academy of Sciences London , UK Warsaw , Poland ISBN 978-3-319-24362-7 ISBN 978-3-319-24364-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24364-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015956778 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper S pringer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Introd uction U nderstanding the mechanisms of memory is one of the biggest challenges of sci- ence. In order to face this challenge, new technologies are being intensively devel- oped. Molecular biology tools, high-resolution microscopy, and optogenetics today allow for the precise analysis of signal transduction cascades within the living ani- mal, cell, or single dendritic spine. Transgenic animals with very sophisticated gene manipulations and more accurate animal models of mental disorders are used to decipher the molecular basis of cognition. But still we do not know the answers to the very simple question: how and where is long-term memory stored? These basic gaps in our knowledge drive us to ask more and more detailed and precise questions about the molecular and cellular basis of cognition. The main progress in the learning and memory fi eld has been made with the investigation of simple animal models, such as Pavlovian fear conditioning studies with mice. During such training, an animal is exposed to a neutral conditioned stim- ulus (CS) (a new context, sound, or light signal) and an aversive unconditional stim- ulus (US) (e.g., electric shock). As a result of such experience, the conditioned stimulus acquires secondary aversive properties. The intensity of freezing response of the animal after the reexposure to the conditioned stimulus is used as a measure of fear memory strength. The early studies indicated several factors which prevent fear memory formation, and these included inhibitors of protein synthesis and tran- scription, antagonists of glutamatergic receptors, as well as inhibitors of intracellu- lar cascades such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1 and 2), α-isoform of calcium-/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (αCaMKII), or protein kinase A (PKA). These observations defi ned the basic molecular processes underly- ing memory formation and indicated directions of the research in the fi eld. Thus recently, the model has been extensively developed. In the current book, we gath- ered some of the novel achievements of the fi eld of the molecular basis of memory. These include ideas which span from the remodelling of the extracellular matrix, dynamic changes of the morphology and function of dendritic spines to epigenetic modifi cations occurring in the cell nucleus (Fig. 1) . In nine chapters, new and important ideas related to learning and memory processes will be presented. In Chap. 1 , the idea that memory after consolidation still can be dynamically r emodelled v vi Introduction CREB Inverse synaptic 6 tagging Epigenetics and memory 8 7 CREB in memory CaMKII Arc P A aCaMKII T286 Dynamic nature of 1 memory 5 Multiininn emrveamteodr yspines AMPAR endocytosis in 2 memory CaMKII CaMKII regulates spine structure 3 MMP-9 in learning MMP-9 and plasticity aCaMKII 9 NMDAR autophosphorylation CaMKII 4 in memory T286 P AMPAR Fig. 1 Novel mechanisms of memory drawn by Gosia Borczyk will be introduced. This process involves the transport of AMPA receptors (Chap. 2 ). Furthermore, the role of CaMKII as a controller of synaptic function and infor- mation storage, which plays both enzymatic and structural roles, will be discussed (Chap. 3 ) together with the presentation of data supporting the critical role of alpha- CaMKII-T286 autophosphorylation in learning and memory (Chap. 4 ) . The novel mechanism for memory formation involving the formation of big multi-i nnervated dendritic spines will be proposed in Chap. 5 . We will also introduce the idea of the inverse synaptic tagging by Arc, the process which is suggested as a mechanism for the control of dendritic spine strength via the regulation of AMPA receptor surface expression by endocytosis (Chap. 6 ). Next, the possible role of CREB transcription factor as a universal memory enhancer in fl ies and mice (Chap. 7 ) and the function of chromatin modifi cations and DNA methylation in several forms of mammalian memory and associated synaptic plasticity (Chap. 8 ) will be critically discussed. Finally, a possible mechanistic role of an extracellular matrix metalloproteinase, MMP-9, in synaptic plasticity at the level of structural modulation of spine mor- phology will be proposed (Chap. 9 ). Introduction vii W e are aware of the fact that the topics covered in the book are just the tip of the iceberg of memory, but we believe that they are at the same time a great step toward understanding the complexity of the brain and the processes it governs. Therefore, we would like to express our gratitude for all contributing authors who were willing to share with us their exciting discoveries and ideas. London, UK Karl Peter Giese Warsaw, Poland Kasia Radwanska About the Editors Karl Peter Giese s tudied biochemistry at the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, and earned a Ph.D. in neuroscience at the ETH Zurich in Switzerland. As a postdoctoral fellow at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, in the New York, USA, he began to investigate molecular and cellular mechanisms of memory. From 1998 until 2006, he worked as lecturer and reader at University College London, UK, and since 2006, he is Professor of Neurobiology of Mental Health at King’s College London, UK. He has published more than 80 papers, and his H-index is currently 42. Kasia Radwanska s tudied evolutionary ecology of freshwater snails at Warsaw University, Poland, and Bangor University, Wales. She earned her Ph.D. in neuro- science at Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology in Warsaw, where she began studies on the molecular basis of addiction. Next, she continued as a Marie Curie postdoctoral fellow at King’s College London, UK in Prof. Karl Peter Giese’s group studying molecular and cellular mechanisms of memory. Since 2013, she is a group leader at Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology working on molecular basis of alcohol addiction and memory. ix
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