Novel Combustion Concepts for Sustainable Energy Development

561 Pages·2014·22.43 MB·English

by  Avinash K Agarwal

Avinash K. Agarwal · Ashok Pandey
Ashwani K. Gupta · Suresh K. Aggarwal
Abhijit Kushari E ditors
Novel Combustion
Concepts for
Sustainable Energy
Development
Novel Combustion Concepts for Sustainable
Energy Development
Avinash K. Agarwal Ashok Pandey
(cid:129)
Ashwani K. Gupta Suresh K. Aggarwal
(cid:129)
Abhijit Kushari
Editors
Novel Combustion
Concepts for Sustainable
Energy Development
123
Editors
Avinash K.Agarwal Suresh K.Aggarwal
Department of Mechanical Engineering Flowand Combustion Laboratory,
Indian Instituteof TechnologyKanpur Department ofMechanical Engineering
Kanpur, UttarPradesh Universityof IllinoisatChicago
India Chicago, IL
USA
Ashok Pandey
Centre forBiofuels and Biotechnology AbhijitKushari
Division Department of Aerospace Engineering
NIIST Indian Instituteof TechnologyKanpur
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Kanpur, UttarPradesh
India India
AshwaniK.Gupta
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Universityof Maryland
College Park,MD
USA
ISBN 978-81-322-2210-1 ISBN 978-81-322-2211-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2211-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014956215
SpringerNewDelhiHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Preface
Combustion science and technology has made major strides in recent years with
remarkable advances in analytical, computational, and diagnostic capabilities.
High-speed computing along with improved fundamental understanding, and the
development of modeling capabilities and detailed reaction mechanisms, have
greatlyenhanced ourpredictivecapabilities. Concurrently,diagnosticshasbecome
significantly more accurate through the development of sophisticated instrumen-
tation, particularly non-intrusive optical techniques, andis providing well-resolved
spatial and temporal measurements of complex reacting flows in various combus-
tion systems to support the modeling efforts. Consequently, CFD-based tools have
now become ubiquitous in industry, and are increasingly being relied on for the
improveddesignofexistingsystemsandthevalidationofnewdesignconceptsand
ideas. These developments have greatly helped in improving the performance of
various combustion systems used in power generation, transportation, industrial,
and residential applications. Advances in sensors and active control technology
havefurtherhelpedtoimprovesystemefficiencies,reduceemissionlevels,prolong
equipment life, and mitigate catastrophic failures.
While the aforementioned advances in predictive and diagnostic capabilities
have provided greatly improved combustion systems, energy and environmental
issues are more important now than ever before due to rapidly increasing energy
demand, diminishing fuel reserves, emission of toxins to the environment, and
global warming. These issues continue to drive the fundamental and applied
combustionresearchtoachievefurthergainsinsystemperformanceanddevelopan
integratedapproachthatincorporateslowgradefuelsandalternativeenergysources
for improving efficiency with cleaner environment. Moreover, global efforts must
bemadetodevelopcommonstrategiesandpoliciesforasustainableenergyfuture.
An international workshop held at IIT Kanpur, India during January 2–5, 2014
providedaforumfordiscussionsbetweeneminentscientistsandengineersfromthe
USA,India,Japan,Thailand,Austria,whosharedtheirviewsonvariousaspectsof
energyatthisworkshop.Thisresearchmonographisbasedonthetopicscoveredat
the workshop, and brings together a wealth of knowledge from world renowned
experts on the latest development in selected technology areas with due focus on
v
vi Preface
fundamentals, applications, and advanced education. A common theme of the
monograph is the sustainable energy utilization of conventional and renewable
fuels.Chaptersonconventionalfuelsfocusontheirutilizationforpowergeneration
andtransportation,whilerenewablefuelsprovideinsightsintotheirproductionand
utilization.Researchonusingblendsoffossilandrenewablefuelsincurrentpower
and propulsion systems is also presented. In addition, novel technology develop-
ments pertaining to efficient fuel reforming, distributed combustion, and micro-
combustion are discussed.
Another major outcome of the workshop was the formation of the International
Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (ISEES). The main objective
of the Society is to organize Workshops/Symposia/Conferences/Lectures/Courses
for widening and dissemination of knowledge in areas related to energy, com-
bustion,sustainability,andenvironment.WehopethattheSocietywillbringmany
novel contributions in the future that will be of great benefit to the international
community.Wealsohopethatcontinuedeffortsinthefuturefromtheinternational
scientific community at future workshops in the field will contribute to a greener
planet through sustainable energy and environment.
We would like to express our gratitude to the authors for submitting their work
in a timely manner and revising it at short notice. We acknowledge the support
receivedfrom variousagenciesand organizations for thesuccessful conduct ofthe
workshop, which include the National Science Foundation, USA, Office of Naval
Research Global, Singapore (with special thanks to Dr. R. Kolar), MHRD TEQIP
centeratIITKanpur,andTSIandTESSCORN,whowereindustrypartnersforthe
event.
We hope that the book would be of great interest to the postgraduate students
and researchers involved broadly in the area of energy and environmental sus-
tainability, and more specifically to those interested inthe areas of applied energy,
alternative fuels, combustion, power systems, and engines.
Kanpur, India Avinash K. Agarwal
Kerala, India Ashok Pandey
College Park, USA Ashwani K. Gupta
Chicago, USA Suresh K. Aggarwal
Kanpur, India Abhijit Kushari
Contents
Part I General
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Avinash K. Agarwal, Suresh K. Aggarwal, Ashwani K. Gupta,
Abhijit Kushari and Ashok Pandey
Technical Challenges and Scientific Approach for a Sustainable
Energy Efficient Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Gabriel D. Roy
Part II Biofuels: Production, Properties and Applications
Biofuels from Biomass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Anil Kumar Patel, Reeta Rani Singhania and Ashok Pandey
Biomass Fuel Quality Enhancement and Respiratory Quotient
(RQ) for Ranking Fossil and Biomass Fuels Based on CO
2
Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Siva Sankar Thanapal, Dustin Eseltine, Kalyan Annamalai
and Devesh Ranjan
Effect of Biodiesel Utilization on Tribological Properties
of Lubricating Oil in a Compression Ignition Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Avinash K. Agarwal and Jai Gopal Gupta
Hydrogen-Enriched Syngas from Biomass Steam Gasification
for Use in Land-Based Gas Turbine Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
John Dascomb and Anjaneyulu Krothapalli
vii
viii Contents
Part III Combustion of Fuels and Engine Performance
Future Trends in Commercial Aviation Engines’ Combustion . . . . . . . 113
Hukam C. Mongia
Spectroscopic Methods and Visualization Applied to Combustion
Diagnoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Kuniyuki Kitagawa
Lean Blowout Detection Techniques for Partially Premixed
Flames in a Dump Combustor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Swarnendu Sen, Rajendra R. Chaudhari and Achintya Mukhopadhyay
Fluidized Bed Combustion of Coal, Renewable Fuels,
and Waste: Current Status and Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Franz Winter
Using Petroleum and Biomass-Derived Fuels in Duel-fuel
Diesel Engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Suresh K. Aggarwal and Xiao Fu
Mixture Preparation Effects on Distributed Combustion for Gas
Turbine Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Ahmed E.E. Khalil and Ashwani K. Gupta
Flame Characteristics of Vaporized Renewable Fuels
and Their Blends with Petroleum Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Subramanyam Gollahalli, Ramkumar Parthasarathy
and Arun Balakrishnan
Process and Reactor Level Simulations of Coal-Direct
Chemical-looping Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Ramesh K. Agarwal, Subhodeep Banerjee, Xiao Zhang,
Zheming Zhang and Ling Zhou
Acoustic Reynolds Stress: The Source of Coherent Structures
During Combustion Instability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Chellappan Balaji, Ashwin Kannan, Ramgopal Sampath
and Satyanarayanan Chakravarthy
Developing Surrogates for Liquid Transportation Fuels:
The Role of Spherically Symmetric Droplet Combustion. . . . . . . . . . . 379
C. Thomas Avedisian
Contents ix
Part IV Emissions
Urban Traffic Emissions and Associated Environmental
Impacts in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Ajay S. Nagpure and Bhola R. Gurjar
Comparison of Primary and Secondary Emissions
from an Internal Combustion Engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Tarun Gupta, Avinash K. Agarwal and Pravesh Chandra Shukla
Emissions and Soot in Partially Premixed Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Surbhi Kohli and Abhijit Kushari
Low-Emission, Fuel-Flexible Combustion of Liquid Fuels . . . . . . . . . . 457
Ajay K. Agrawal
Part V Sustainable Energy Systems and Efficiency Improvements
In-Depth Performance Evaluation of RDF from Landfill
Reclamation for Green Electricity Generation in a Downdraft
Gasifier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Somrat Kerdsuwan and Krongkaew Laohalidanond
Ceramics for Sustainable Energy Technologies with a Focus
on Polymer-Derived Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Thomas Konegger, Jessica Torrey, Octavio Flores, Tobias Fey,
Bruno Ceron-Nicolat, Günter Motz, Franziska Scheffler,
Michael Scheffler, Peter Greil and Rajendra K. Bordia
Solid-Fuel Rocket Motor Efficiency Improvement Scheme. . . . . . . . . . 535
Ryoichi S. Amano, Yi-Hsin Yen and Michael L. Hamman
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
About the Editors
Prof.AvinashK.AgarwaliscurrentlyPoonamandPrabhuGoyalEndowedChair
Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur,
India. Prof. Agarwal was at ERC, University of Wisconsin, Madison, as a Post-
doctoral Fellow (1999–2001). His areas of interest include engine combustion,
alternative fuels, biofuels, natural gas, hydrogen, conventional fuels, optical diag-
nostics, laser ignition, HCCI, emission and particulate control, and large bore
engines.Hehaspublishedmorethan120peerreviewedinternationaljournalpapers
and70peerreviewedinternationalconferencepapers.Prof.Agarwalisanassociate
editor of ASME Journal of Energy Resources Technology, and International
JournalofVehicleSystemsModellingandTesting.Heiseditorialboardmemberof
‘IMechE Journal of Automobile Engineering’, and ‘International Journal of Oil,
Gas, and Coal technologies’ and has edited “Handbook of Combustion.”
Prof. Agarwal is a Fellow of ASME in the class of 2013, and Fellow of SAE
International, USA in the class of 2012. He is the recipient of several prestigious
awards such as NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Award-2012, INAE
Silver Jubilee Young Engineer Award-2012; Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award-
2008; INSA Young Scientist Award-2007; UICT Young Scientist Award-2007;
INAE Young Engineer Award-2005.
Prof. Ashok Pandey is Deputy Director at CSIR’s National Institute for Inter-
disciplinary Science and Technology at Trivandrum and is heading the Centre for
BiofuelsandBiotechnologyDivisionthere.Hisresearchinterests areonbio-based
economy development (biomass-based biorefinery) for the production offuels and
chemicals. He has over 1,000 publications/communications (which include 14
patents and design copyrights, 37 books, 100 book chapters, 390 original, and
review papers), with an h index of 64 and more than 17,700 citation (Goggle
Scholar).
Professor Pandey is the recipient of many national/international awards and
fellowships,whichincludeFellowofInternationalSocietyforEnergy,Environment
andSustainability;NationalAcademyofScience(India);BiotechResearchSociety,
India; International Organization of Biotechnology and Bioengineering and
xi