Novartis Foundation Symposium 221 - Bacterial Responses to Ph

274 Pages·9.669 MB·English

BACTERIAL RESPONSES
TO pH
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Novartis Foundation Symposium 221
BACTERIAL RESPONSES
TO pH
1999
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Novartis Foundation Symposium 221
ix+264 pages, 53 figures, 18 tables
Libra9 of Cnngress Cataloging-in-PublicationD ata
Bacterial responses to pH / [editors, Derek J. Chadwick, Gail Gardew].
p. cm. - (Novartis Foundation symposium ;2 21)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 0-471-98599-6 (hbk : alk. paper)
1. Bacteria-Congresses. 2. Hydrogen-ion concentration-
Congresses. 3. Extreme environments-Microbiology- Congresses.
I. Chadwick, Derek. 11. Cardew, Gail. 111. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Bacteria congresses. 2. Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
congresses. 3. Chemotaxis- physiology congresses. 4. Acids
congresses. W1 NO9285 v.221 1999 / QU 105 B131 19991
QR97.A3B33 1999
579.3dc21
DNLMiDLC
for Library of Congress 98-46836
CIP
British Libra9 Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 471 98599 6
Typeset in 10% on 122 pt Garamond by DobbieTypesetting Limited,Tavistock, Devon.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King's Lynn.
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry,
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Contents
$mposium on Bacterialresponses topH , held atthe Nouartis Foundation, London 1-4 June 1998
Thisgmposium is basedon aproposalmade @ Mike Dilworth
Editors: Derek J. Chadwick (OrganiTer) and Gail Cardew
R. K. Poole Introduction 1
M. J. Dilworth and A. R. Glenn Problems of adverse pH and bacterial strategies to
combatit 4
Discussion 14
I. R. Booth The regulation of intracellular pH in bacteria 19
Discussion 28
M. N. Levit and J. B. Stock pH sensing in bacterial chemotaxis 38
Discussion 50
J. W. Foster and M. Moreno Inducible acid tolerance mechanisms in enteric
bacteria 55
Discussion 70
J. L. Slonczewski and D. Blankenhorn Acid and base regulation in the proteome
of Escbericbia coli 75
Discussion 83
R. J. Rowbury Acid tolerance induced by metabolites and secreted proteins, and
how tolerance can be counteracted 93
Discussion 106
A. R. Glenn,W. G. Reeve, R. P. Tiwari and M. J. Dilworth Acid tolerance in root
nodule bacteria 112
Discussion 126
G. Schafer How can archaea cope with extreme acidity? 131
Discussion 145
V
vi CONTENTS
A. Matin pH homeostasis in acidophiles 152
Disczrssion 163
T. A. Krulwich, A. A. Guffanti and M. It0 pH tolerance in Bacillus: alkaliphiles
versus non-alkaliphiles 167
Discussion 179
E. Padan,Y. Gerchman, A. Rimon, A. Rothman, N. Dover and
0. Carmel-Hare1 The molecular mechanism of regulation of the NhA Na+/Hf
antiporter of Escherichia coli, a key transporter in the adaptation to Naf and H+ 183
Discussion 196
V. P. Skulachev Bacterial energetics at high pH: what happens to the Hf cycle when
the extracellular H+ concentration decreases? 200
Dimmion 213
R. H. Fillingame and S. Diva11 Proton ATPases in bacteria: comparison to
Escherichia coliFlFo as the prototype 218
Discussion 229
H. Kobayashi, H. Saito, L. Futatsugi and T. Kakegawa Cation movements at
alkaline pH in bacteria growing without respiration 235
Discussion 242
Final general discussion Maintenance energy 246
Global sensors of pH 247
R. K. Poole Summary 251
Index of contributors 256
Subject index 258
Participants
G. N. Bennett Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University,
Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
A. Bogachev (Barsdr) Department of Bioenergetics, A. N. Belozersky Institute
of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
I. R. Booth Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen,
Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
G. M. Cook Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, P 0 Box 56,
Dunedin. New Zealand
M. J. Dilworth Centre for Rhizobium Studies, School of Biological Sciences
and Biotechnology, Division of Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth,
Western Australia, 6150, Australia
P. Dimroth Institute of Microbiology, ETH-Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich,
Switzerland
W. Epstein Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, 920E 58th
Street, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60639, USA
R. H. Fillingame Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin Medical School, Madison,WI 53706, USA
J.W. Foster Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South
Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
A. R. Glenn Centre for Rhizobium Studies, School of Biological Sciences and
Biotechnology, Division of Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth,
Western Australia, 6150, Australia
C. Hill Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
vii
... PARTICIPANTS
Vlll
H. Kobayashi Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University,
1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
M. It0 Department of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma, Japan
W. N. Konings Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute,
Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30,9751 NN
Haren, The Netherlands
T. A. Krulwich Department of Biochemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
NewYork, NY 10029, USA
A. Matin Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
A. Moir Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield
S10 2TN, UK
E. Padan The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Microbial and
Molecular Ecology, Institute of Life Sciences, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
S. F. Park Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory, Reading RG6 6B2,
UK
R. K. Poole (Chair) Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court,
Sheffield S10 ZTN, UK
R. G. Quivey Jr Department of Dental Research, Box 611, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
R. J, Rowbury Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street,
London WClE 6BT, UK
G. Schafer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical University of Luebeck, 23538
Luebeck, Germany
V. Skulachev Department of Bioenergetics, A. N. Belozersky Institute of
Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
PARTICIPANTS ix
J. L. Slonczewski Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH
43022, USA
J. B. Stock Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton,
NJ 08544, USA
M.Verkovskaya Helsinki Bioenergetics Group, Institute of Biomedical
Sciences, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
Novartis Foundation Symposium
Edited by Derek J. Chadwick, Gail Cardew
Copyright 0 1999 by Novartis Foundation
Introduction
Robert K. Poole
Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular BioloQ and Biotechnology,
The University of Shefield, Firth Court, She8eld.S 10 2TN, UK
Razors pain you;
rivers are damp;
acids stain you;
and drugs cause cramp.
(Dorothy Parker, Not so deep as a well, 1937)
One of the most remarkable properties of bacteria is their ability to survive extreme
environmental stresses. As well as tolerating three of the above (hydrostatic
pressure, extremes of pH and antibiotics), bacteria not only survive, but also
flourish in, environments that are at extremes of temperature, pressure and
salinity, or that may have vanishingly low or exceedingly high levels of potential
nutrients (Postgate 1994).
Bacteria break the rules that macrobiologists take for granted and in so doing
give microbiologists unique insights into the limits of life. These remarkable
attributes of bacteria inevitably pose questions for the curious. Why do bacteria
grow in such environments? How do they do so? What general principles of
biology do these bizarre lifestyles teach us? How can we exploit our knowledge
of these responses to pH to improve or indeed delay the growth of bacteria in
such extremes? Is there any money in it? The purpose of this symposium is to
answer all of these questions (with the possible exception of the last) and to
generate new questions and hypotheses amenable to future experimental testing.
These questions are those of microbial physiology -t he study of how bacteria
and other micro-organisms work. Although rooted in the tradition of bacterial
growth and intermediary metabolism, microbial physiology now confidently
embraces molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry and indeed any discipline
that can shed light on bacterial function. The speakers and discussants here
represent all of these disciplines.
Textbooks half a century ago describe some of the physical conditions that affect
bacterial growth. In some texts, a bell-shaped curve is shown as having two
alternative abscissae: temperature and pH. 'An organism' is considered to have
an optimum temperature for growth of 30-37 "C and an optimum pH of around
1