Nourish the People: The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650-1850 PDF
Preview Nourish the People: The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650-1850
Nourish People Nourish People The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650-1850 Plerre-Etienne Will &R. Bin Wong with James Lee contributions by Jean Oi Peter Perdue Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Copyright © 1991 Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies Publications 104 Lane Hall The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Cover design: Heidi Hobde Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Will, Pierre-Etienne. Nourish the people: the state civilian granary system in China, 1650-1850 / Pierre-Etienne Will & R. Bin Wong. p. cm. — (Michigan monographs in Chinese studies ; no. 60) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89264-090-1 (alk. paper) ISBN 0-89264-091-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Grain trade—Government policy—China—History. 2. Granaries—Govern- ment policy—China—History. 3. Food supply—Government policy—China— History. 4. Agriculture and state—China—History. I. Wong, Roy Bin. II. Title. III. Series. HD9046.C62W55 1991 338.1'951—dc20 91-18781 CIP ISBN 978-0-89264-090-4 (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-89264-091-1 (paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12786-3 (ebook) ISBN 978-0-472-90182-1 (open access) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Contents List of Tables ix List of Maps xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations xxiii 1 Chinese Traditions of Grain Storage 1 R. Bin Wong Part I: Development and Decline Introduction 19 2 Foundations of Success, 1650-1735 25 R. Bin Wong 3 The Grand Structure, 1736-1780 43 R. Bin Wong 4 Decline and Its Opposition, 1781-1850 75 R. Bin Wong Conclusion 93 vi Nourish the People Part II: Structural Problems Introduction 101 5 Grain Preservation 103 Pierre-Etienne Will 6 Management 141 Pierre-Etienne Will 7 The Control Structure 195 Pierre-Etienne Will 8 Statistical Difficulties and Accounting Methods 233 Pierre-Etienne Will Part III: Spatial Patterns Introduction 293 9 National Patterns of Granary Activity 295 Peter C. Perdue and R. Bin Wong 10 North China: Shandong during the Qianlong Period 321 Jean C. Oi and Pierre-Etienne Will 11 The Middle Yangzi: Hunan 389 R. Bin Wong 12 The Southwest: Yunnan and Guizhou 431 James Lee Conclusion 473 Part IV: A Comparative Assessment 13 Qing Granaries and Late Imperial History 475 R. Bin Wong 14 Qing Granaries and World History 507 R. Bin Wong Contents vii Appendix: Tables of Civilian Granary Holdings in Qing China, 1741-1856 527 Glossary 545 Bibliography 565 Index 589 Tables 1.1. Early Eighteenth-Century Reserves 22 1.2. Ever-Normal Reserves before 1750 23 3.1. Examples of Ever-Normal Granary Disbursals, 1737-1751 55 4.1. Variations of Final Balance Figures from Ten-Year Moving Averages 85 5.1. Granary Buildings in Yizhou Prefecture, Shandong Province, ca. 1760 128 6.1. Loan Arrears in Ever-Normal Granaries, Zhili Province, 1765-1792 180 8.1. Official Equivalences of Various Grains to Unhusked Rice 239 8.2. Civilian Granary Stocks in Yunnan Province, 1751-1756 245 83. Types of Reserves Covered in the "Population and Grain Memorials" 251 8.4. Accounting Formats in the "Population and Grain Memorials" 262 8.5. Jiangxi Statistics in Selected Years of the Eighteenth Century 267
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