Noun–Verb Relationships in Arikara Syntax PDF
Preview Noun–Verb Relationships in Arikara Syntax
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Xerox Univetsity Miiofilms 300 North a& Rod Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108 - ----_- -- ---_ -'2 -zxb.,-- _.A- I. I 75028,686 m s ~ X E S X Cdelb, 1949. ~*~~ I N A R I ~ ~ A R A ~ . , ) : The WmiCj of New Mexico, Ph.D., 1975 Lansuage and Literatm, Xerox University Microfilms, Ann AWC Michigan 48106 ----- - THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MlCROFllMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. NOUN-VERB RELATIONSHIPS IN ARmuA SYNTAX BY FRANCESCA C. MWLAN B.A., San Francisco State College, 1967 M.A., University of New Mexico, 1970 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate School of The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico C May, 1975 This dissertation, directed and approved by the candidate's committee, has been accepted by the Graduate Committee of The University of New Mexico in partial fulfillment of the require- ments for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Noun-Verb Relationships in Arikara Syntax Titk Francesca C. Merlan Candrdate Anthropology Department ?, O7J; Mqy Dote Committee chainnan - \ NOUN-VERB RELATIONSHIPS IN ARIKARA SYNTAX BY Francesca C. Merlan ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate School of The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico Kay, 1975 NOUN-VERB RELATIONSHIPS IN ARIKARA SYNTAX Francesca C. Merlan Department of Anthropology The University of New Mhco, 1974 A partial syntacth description of Arikara is presented, with primary emphasis on the relationships of nouns to verbs in the language. Major types of surface intransitive and transitive constructions are described. A transformational description of person agreement in the verb is presented. Major types of pos- sessive constructions are eJr;lmined. Finally, the process of noun incorporation, characteristic of the Caddoan language family generally, is examined, and evidence is presented for the direct role played by nominal features in Arikara syntax. The discussion of problems in syntax is preceded by a brief outline of Arikara phonology, which, although neither ex- haustive nor definitive, shows that the language has relatively complex and deep phonology, in that the abstract representations of formatives are quite different from their surface counterparts. On the basis of the examination of noun-verb relationships, it is shorn that Arikara is not a language of the ergative type, as has been suggested for other closely affiliated members of the Caddoan language family, but rather is a language exhibiting a - split-intransitive verb system. Tentative suggestions are made regarding the semantic interpretation of the split in the intransi- tive paradigm. CONTENTS Page .. .............................................. Preface 1 . ............................... Chapter1 Introdmtion 5 ...................... 1.1 Theoretical Assumptions 5 ........................ 1.2 Method of Description 5 ..... 1.3 Grnmnntical Concepts of the Arikara Verb 12 .. 1.4 Outline of Grannnatical Categories in Arikara 15 1.5 Positional Summary of Elements in the ................................. Arikara Verb 23 . ....................... Chapter I1 Phonological Sketch 26 ........................ 2.1 Basic Generalizations 26 ..................... 2.2 Phonetic Representations 26 .............. 2.3 Distribution of Single Segments 29 2.4 Morpheme Structure Conditions: Segmental ................................... Redundancy 31 ............. 2.5 Intrimorpheme Consonant Clusters 35 ............................... 2.6 Vowel Clusters 39 ........................... 2.7 Readjustment Rules 41 ............................ 2.8 Phonological Rules 44 ..................................... 2.9 Problems 57 ..................... 2.10 Boundaries and Notation 59 . Chapter I11 Person Agreement in the Arikara Verb: .......................... Surface Description 61 ................................ 3;1 Zntroduction.. 61 .......................... 3.2 Active Intransitives 62 Page ..................*.. .. 3.3 Stative Intransitives 67 3.4 Ilachoative Aspect of Descriptive Verb ..................................... Themes 70 ....... 3.5 Person Agreement in Transitive Verbs 72 .................... 3.6 Reflexive Constructions 82 .................... 3.7 Reciprocal Construction 84 ................... 3.8 Ditransitive Constructions 86 ................... 3.9 Benefactive Constructions 90 . Chapter IV Person Agreement in the Arikara Verb: ................................... Analysis 97 ............................... 4.1 Introduction 97 ....................... 4.2 Independent Pronouns 98 ..................... 4.3 Phrase Structure Rules 100 4.4 Subject Agreement in Active Intransitive .................................... Clauses 110 ....... 4.5 Subject Agreement in Stative Clauses 123 4.6 Person Agreement in the Inchoative Aspect ........................ of Descriptive Verbs 131 ..................... 4.7 Modal Prefix Agreement 134 ..... 4.8 Person Agreement in Transitive' Clauses 136 .................... ... ... .. 4.9 Ref lexivization 147 .............................. 4-10 Reciprocals 151 ................ 4.11 Ditransitive Constructions fi3 .............................. 4-12 Benefactives 156 . .................... Chapter V Arikara Syntactic Type 159 Page ....... 5.1 Ergative-Accusative Syntactic Typology 159 5.2 Markedness of Functions in Ergative and .......................... Accusative Systems 161 ....................... 5.3 Split-Ergative Systems 163 ............. 5.4 Caddoan: Ergative or Accusative? 168 .............. 5.5 Split-Intransitivity in Arikara 175 . ................................. Chapter VI Possession 180 ................................. 6.1 Introduction 180 ...................... 6.2 Predication of 'kaving" 180 ...................... 6.3 Predication of Ownership 183 ............................ 6.4 Subject Possession 186 ............................. 6.5 Object Possession 194 ...................... 6.6 Possession of Body Parts 197 ........ 6.7 Analysis of the Predication of "Having" 200 ....... 6.8 Analysis of the Predication of Ownership 202 ................ 6.9 Analysis of Subject Possession 205 ................. 6.10 Analysis of Object Possession 209 .............. 6.11 Analysis of Body Part Possession 210 .......................... 6.12 Kinship Terminology 212 . ......................... Chapter VII Noun Incorporation 216 ............................... 7.1 Introduction 216 7.2 StuZia of Noun Incorporation in North ............................ American Languages 216 ................. 7.3 Noun Incorporation in Arikara 222 7.4 The Role of Nominal Features in Noun ................................. Incorporation 224 viii Page . ........ 7 S Obligatory and Optional Incorporation 230 ............. 7.6 Obligatory and Optional Deletion 231 .................. 7.7 Rules of Noun Incorporation 237 . ............................ .. Chapter VIII Summary .,. 246 .................................. 8.1 Conclusions 246 ............................................ Bibliography 253
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