Notion, nature and extent of consent in international arbitration

463 Pages·2017·1.75 MB·English

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QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
NOTION, NATURE AND EXTENT OF CONSENT
IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
by
Andrea Marco Steingruber
Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
London, 2009
Under the supervision of:
Professor Loukas A. Mistelis
Professor Julian D.M. Lew
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The completion of a PhD thesis is somewhat like summiting the peak of a mountain.
This comparison is not only made because the writer is Swiss, but because often the
tendencyis—once you reachthetop—toforget that youstartedat thebottom.
Therefore I begin by remembering “Maestra” Angela who was my teacher during the
years in which I attended the primary school of Sementina, a village in the Italian-
speaking part of Switzerland. She undoubtedly had a lot of patience with me, as I was
quite a lively schoolboy, but was also a great teacher. I also spent my secondary school
and college years in the Southern part of Switzerland (Ticino) where the teachers and
professors of these scholastic institutions are fondly remembered for their great
devotionandpassionfor theirprofession.
My university years were spent in the German-speaking part of Switzerland—Law
studies in Berne and studies in Economics/Business Administration in St. Gallen—this
undoubtedlygavemean interdisciplinaryandbroadviewofsocial sciences.
My interest in arbitration, however, began at the University of Edinburgh where we
students benefited from the extensive practical experience of Professor John Murray—
he and his team ran a very motivating course in international commercial arbitration. In
Edinburgh we international students also experienced and appreciated Scottish
hospitality. The year spent at the University of Edinburgh has been a source of
inspirationforthis thesis. Iam grateful forthis.
To remain with the mountain imagery: when approaching the summit you are well
advised to have an excellent guide. This luck has been the mine. The School of
International Arbitration of Queen Mary—founded by Professor Julian D.M. Lew—is
undeniably a great place to study arbitration, with a very efficient organisation and
friendly team, however, I am primarily indebted to Professor Loukas Mistelis for his
excellent supervision. Professor Mistelis is always there to assist his students—despite
his many other commitments—with a remarkable altruistic helpfulness and his
extensive expertise in arbitration. Heartfelt thanks to him for his constant support.
Loukas will always remainagood friend.
Finally, I wish to express my thanks to the law firm Nobel & Hug, Zurich, for having
given me the opportunityto work part-time and to Ms. Caryn Maclean Hoseason for the
uncomplicatedbut accurateproofreadingofthis thesis.
At a personal level myimmense gratitude goes to myfriends, mybrothers—Patrick and
Sandro—and, above all, my parents—Monika and Rinaldo—for all that they have done
and still do for me. I am very lucky to have such a circle of friends and a marvellous
family.
This thesis is dedicatedtomyfamily.
AndreaMarcoSteingruber
London
April 2009
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ABSTRACT
NOTION,NATURE ANDEXTENT OFCONSENT
ININTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
(Thesis for thedegreeof Doctor of Philosophy)
AndreaMarcoSteingruber
Arbitration is a consensual and private mechanism of dispute resolution which leads to
an enforceable arbitral award. In the traditional field of commercial arbitration the
agreement to arbitrate is considered to be the cornerstone of arbitration. On the other
hand, in the international context, arbitration has become increasingly used in other
areas, like investment arbitration and sport arbitration, where the consensual nature of
arbitrationappears tobe different.
At the beginning of the study it will be underlined that, when speaking about the
consensual nature of arbitration, one needs to differentiate between consensual as one of
the essential criteria for arbitration’s qualification and consent as a condition for the
validityof the arbitration agreement. This differentiation is especiallyimportant in sport
arbitration where, between the athletes and sport organisations, there is often induced
consent rather than bargained consent. By sustaining that the consensual character of
arbitration needs to be differentiated, but not abandoned, the thesis clearly takes a
contractual, or better, a consensual approach. It is preferable to speak of a consensual
approach, because the agreement to arbitrate does not always take the form of an
arbitration agreement in the traditional sense. This is particularly the case in investment
arbitration.
This thesis is a comparative study. However, not only a comparison of national laws
and different arbitration rules will be undertaken, but the thesis will also consider the
evolution of arbitration by discussing the implications that evolution has had on the
perception of the consensual character of arbitration. Moreover, and above all, the main
bodyofthe thesis will be dedicated toa comparison focused onthe consent issues ofthe
three main areas where arbitration is nowadays used in an international context:
commercial arbitration, investment arbitration and sport arbitration. It will be stressed
that, although already in the classical area of commercial arbitration, the structures of
arbitrations may be of different types, ranging from bi-party situations to multiparty
scenarios, and might play a role when considering the consensual nature of arbitration,
this becomes even clearer when one analyses the other fields of arbitration. The thesis
then also takes into account that, in the various phases of the arbitral process, the
expectations withregard to theconsensual characterofarbitrationmaybedifferent.
In the thesis it will be argued that the reason the consensual nature of arbitration
evolved over time, and the reason that it is different among the various fields of
arbitration, might be seen in the fact that there is an inherent tension between the
contractual and the jurisdictional side of arbitration. In this situation of “inherent
tension” consent may be perceived as being more or less present. Nevertheless, the
“intensity” of consent does not affect the basically consensual character of arbitration.
While the four traditional theories (jurisdictional, contractual, mixed/hybrid and
autonomous) used to explain the juridical nature of arbitration focus rather on the
relationship between State and arbitration, the thesis attempts to indicate other solutions
which seem to be more able to explain the use of arbitration in the different areas/fields
where arbitrationis expectedtoresolvedisputes.
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
SUMMARYOFCONTENTS........................................................................................4
TABLE OFCONTENTS................................................................................................6
ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................20
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................31
FIRST PART.................................................................................................................39
I. CONSENT..........................................................................................................39
1. BRIEF HISTORICAL/PHILOSOPHICALOVERVIEW...............................39
2. DIVERSEUNDERSTANDINGS OFTHE INSTRUMENTTHROUGH
WHICHCONSENT IS EXPRESSED: THECONTRACT............................40
3. THECONSENSUALNATUREAS ONEOFTHEESSENTIAL
CRITERIA FOR ARBITRATION’S QUALIFICATION...............................42
4. CONSENTAS ACONDITION FOR THESUBSTANTIVEVALIDITY
OFARBITRATIONAGREEMENTS OR THENOTIONOFCONSENT...45
5. COMMENTS...................................................................................................50
II. THE PHENOMENONOF ARBITRATION....................................................54
1. CLASSICALCHARACTERISATIONOFARBITRATION........................54
2. THEHISTORICALEVOLUTION OFTHECONCEPTANDTHE
CONSENSUALNATUREOFARBITRATION............................................60
3. THEJURIDICALNATUREOFARBITRATION.........................................72
III. THE ARBITRATIONAGREEMENT..............................................................87
1. DEFINITION...................................................................................................87
2. THEEFFECTS OFTHE ARBITRATIONAGREEMENT............................88
3. THE LAW GOVERNINGTHEARBITRATION AGREEMENT.................90
4. DETERMINATIONOF JURISDICTION,WITH PARTICULAR
REGARDTO ISSUES CONCERNINGPARTIES’CONSENT...................97
5. REQUIREMENTS FOR THEVALIDITYOFTHEARBITRATION
AGREEMENT...............................................................................................105
SECONDPART..........................................................................................................121
IV. COMMERCIALARBITRATION...................................................................121
1. GENERALREMARKS.................................................................................122
2. THECONTENTOFTHEARBITRATIONAGREEMENT........................125
3. DETERMINATIONOF THEEXISTENCEOFPARTIES’CONSENT
AND ITS SCOPE...........................................................................................133
4. AGENCYANDCONSENT..........................................................................148
5. TRANSFER OFTHEARBITRATIONAGREEMENTANDCONSENT.149
6. PARTIES’CONSENT WITHREGARDTO THEEXTENSIONOF
ARBITRATIONAGREEMENTS.................................................................156
7. RELEVANCEOFPARTIES’CONSENTWITH REGARDTO
PROCEDURALMECHANISMS.................................................................167
V. INVESTMENTARBITRATION.....................................................................193
1. BRIEF HISTORICALOVERVIEW OFTHEEVOLUTION OFTHE
USEOFARBITRATIONCLAUSES INCLUDED INSTATES’
CONTRACTS................................................................................................194
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2. NATIONALINVESTMENT LAWS............................................................195
3. BILATERALINVESTMENTTREATIES (BITs).......................................196
4. REFERENCETO ICSID ARBITRATIONOR TOOTHER FORMS OF
ARBITRATIONCONTAINED IN MULTILATERALTREATIES...........197
5. THEREQUIREMENT OFCONSENTING“IN WRITING” IN
INVESTMENTARBITRATION..................................................................202
6. WAYS OFEXPRESSINGCONSENTTOARBITRATION.......................203
7. TEMPORALSEQUENCEOFCONSENTTOARBITRATION................221
8. THEAMICABLENEGOTIATIONPERIOD: PRECONDITIONTOBE
METBEFORECONSENTCANBEPERFECTED.....................................225
9. THE INTERPRETATIONOFCONSENT...................................................227
10. TREATYv.CONTRACTCLAIMS.............................................................244
11. THEESSENTIALCRITERIA FOR ARBITRATIONS UNDER ICSID,
THEROLEOFCONSENT INDEFININGTHEM AND ITS
EXPANSION.................................................................................................253
12. THESCOPEOFCONSENTAND ITS LIMITATIONS..............................270
13. IRREVOCABILITYOF CONSENT.............................................................273
14. EXPANSIONOFCONSENTBECAUSEOFTREATIES’PROVISIONS 276
15. RELEVANCEOFPARTIES’CONSENTWITH REGARDTO
PROCEDURALMECHANISMS: CONSOLIDATION IN
INVESTMENTARBITRATION..................................................................299
VI. SPORTARBITRATION..................................................................................311
1. THESTRUCTURALORGANISATION OFSPORT..................................312
2. THEMAINARBITRAL INSTANCES INTHESPORT’S FIELD.............318
3. ARBITRATIONFOR RESOLVINGSPORTDISPUTES...........................326
4. THEPLACEWHERECONSENTTOARBITRATION IS EXPRESSED:
ARBITRATIONAGREEMENTS INTHE FIELDOFSPORT...................334
5. THESUBSTANTIVEVALIDITY OFTHEARBITRATION
AGREEMENTWITHREGARDTO ISSUES RELATEDTOPARTIES’
CONSENT.....................................................................................................344
6. MANDATORYARBITRATION..................................................................353
7. RELEVANCEOFPARTIES’CONSENTWITH REGARDTO
PROCEDURALASPECTS: IDENTIFYING ANDJOININGTHE
PARTIES .......................................................................................................357
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................363
INDEXOFCONVENTIONS,NATIONAL LAWS,ARBITRATIONRULES,
STANDARD FORMS ANDCODES.........................................................................384
CONVENTIONS,NATIONAL LAWS,ARBITRATIONRULES,
STANDARD FORMS ANDCODES.........................................................................385
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................423
Books / Commentaries /Bulletins...........................................................................423
Articles......................................................................................................................432
Internet.....................................................................................................................462
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARYOFCONTENTS........................................................................................4
TABLE OFCONTENTS................................................................................................6
ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................20
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................31
FIRST PART.................................................................................................................39
I. CONSENT..........................................................................................................39
1. BRIEF HISTORICAL/PHILOSOPHICALOVERVIEW...............................39
2. DIVERSEUNDERSTANDINGS OFTHE INSTRUMENTTHROUGH
WHICHCONSENT IS EXPRESSED: THECONTRACT............................40
3. THECONSENSUALNATUREAS ONEOFTHEESSENTIAL
CRITERIA FOR ARBITRATION’S QUALIFICATION...............................42
3.1. Qualification...............................................................................................42
3.2. Notion.........................................................................................................43
3.3. Criterion.....................................................................................................44
4. CONSENTAS ACONDITION FOR THESUBSTANTIVEVALIDITY
OFARBITRATIONAGREEMENTS OR THENOTIONOFCONSENT...45
4.1. Reachingagreement: offerandacceptance................................................45
4.1.1. Offer..................................................................................................45
4.1.2. Acceptance........................................................................................46
4.1.3. Essential elements ofthe arbitrationagreement................................46
4.2. Intent, expressionoftheintent,interpretationoftheintent.......................46
4.2.1. Contract as theoutcome of“consentingminds”...............................47
4.2.2. Objectivetest underEnglish law.......................................................47
4.2.3. PrincipleofconfidenceunderSwiss law..........................................47
4.2.4. Interpretationinpublicinternational law..........................................48
4.2.5. Wheredoes onelookfor consent toarbitration?..............................48
4.2.6. Differenceininterpretationofconsent betweencommercial and
investment arbitration........................................................................49
5. COMMENTS...................................................................................................50
II. THE PHENOMENONOF ARBITRATION....................................................54
1. CLASSICALCHARACTERISATIONOFARBITRATION........................54
1.1. Aprivatemechanism for disputeresolution..............................................55
1.2. Theconsensual natureof arbitration..........................................................55
1.3. Analternativetonational courts................................................................56
1.4. Thefinal andbindingdeterminationofparties’ rights andobligations.....58
1.5. Comments..................................................................................................59
2. THEHISTORICALEVOLUTION OFTHECONCEPTANDTHE
CONSENSUALNATUREOFARBITRATION............................................60
2.1. Thetraditional concept ofarbitration.........................................................61
2.2. Themodernconcept of arbitration.............................................................62
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2.3. Newfields of arbitration............................................................................65
2.3.1. Arbitrationbasedoninternational treaties........................................65
2.3.2. Inducedarbitration............................................................................67
2.3.2.1. General........................................................................................67
2.3.2.2. Arbitrationbasedonan arbitrationagreement containedin
articles ofassociation..................................................................68
2.3.2.3. Comments...................................................................................69
2.3.3. Mandatoryarbitration........................................................................70
3. THEJURIDICALNATUREOFARBITRATION.........................................72
3.1. Thejurisdictional theory............................................................................73
3.2. Thecontractual theory................................................................................75
3.3. Themixed/hybridtheory............................................................................77
3.4. Theautonomous theory..............................................................................79
3.5. Comments..................................................................................................82
3.5.1. Legal pluralism..................................................................................82
3.5.2. Systems theory..................................................................................84
3.5.3. Self-referentialityand autopoiesis....................................................85
III. THE ARBITRATIONAGREEMENT..............................................................87
1. DEFINITION...................................................................................................87
2. THEEFFECTS OFTHE ARBITRATIONAGREEMENT............................88
2.1. Positive(direct)effect................................................................................88
2.2. Negative(indirect)effects..........................................................................89
2.3. Investment arbitration................................................................................89
3. THE LAW GOVERNINGTHEARBITRATION AGREEMENT.................90
3.1. Thelaw governingarbitration....................................................................90
3.1.1. Applicationofnational arbitrationlaws vs. delocalisation...............91
3.1.2. National arbitrationlaws: seat ofarbitrationvs. partyautonomy.....91
3.2. Thelaw governingtheformal validityofthe arbitrationagreement.........92
3.3. Thelaw governingthesubstantivevalidityofthearbitrationagreement..93
3.3.1. Traditional conflict oflaws approaches............................................94
3.3.2. Otherapproaches...............................................................................95
3.3.2.1. Switzerland: conflict oflaws ruleinfavoremvaliditatis............95
3.3.2.2. France: material ruleofPrivate International Law.....................95
3.3.3. International arbitrationpractice.......................................................96
4. DETERMINATIONOF JURISDICTION,WITH PARTICULAR
REGARDTO ISSUES CONCERNINGPARTIES’CONSENT...................97
4.1. General.......................................................................................................97
4.2. Competence-competence...........................................................................98
4.3. Theprincipleofseparability......................................................................99
4.3.1. Material separability........................................................................100
4.3.1.1. General......................................................................................100
4.3.1.2. Separabilityas ameantostrengthenandprotect the
jurisdictionofarbitrators...........................................................101
4.3.1.3. Theeffect ofseparability..........................................................101
4.3.2. Legal separability............................................................................103
4.3.2.1. Submissionofthemaincontract andofthearbitration
agreement todifferent laws.......................................................103
4.3.2.2. Validityofthe arbitrationagreement independentlyofany
national law...............................................................................103
4.3.3. Comments.......................................................................................104
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5. REQUIREMENTS FOR THEVALIDITYOFTHEARBITRATION
AGREEMENT...............................................................................................105
5.1. Formal validity.........................................................................................106
5.1.1. Thejustificationforawrittenform requirement.............................106
5.1.1.1. Provinginitial consent ..............................................................106
5.1.1.2. Provingtheterms ofthe agreement..........................................107
5.1.2. Differences inthe requirement........................................................107
5.2. Substantivevalidity..................................................................................107
5.2.1. Consent............................................................................................107
5.2.1.1. Existence...................................................................................107
5.2.1.2. Scope.........................................................................................108
5.2.1.2.1. Whom it binds.....................................................................108
5.2.1.2.2. What it encompasses...........................................................109
a. Disputes coveredbythe arbitrationagreement................109
b. Set-offandcounterclaims................................................109
5.2.2. Arbitrability.....................................................................................110
5.2.2.1. In general...................................................................................110
5.2.2.2. Withregardto consent’s issues.................................................111
5.2.3. Capacity...........................................................................................111
5.3. Relationshipbetweenformal requirements and consent..........................112
5.3.1. Thefunctions oftheformal requirements inrespect withconsent.112
5.3.1.1. “Cautionary”function...............................................................112
5.3.1.2. “Evidential”function................................................................113
5.3.1.3. “Channeling”function..............................................................113
5.3.2. ConformitywithArticle II(2)NYC as presumptionof“meeting
oftheminds”?.................................................................................114
5.3.3. Towards atriumphofsubstanceoverform.....................................114
5.3.4. Thedecreasingimportanceofthe formal requirements shown
using theexampleofSwiss case-law withregardto
non-signatories................................................................................116
5.3.4.1. General......................................................................................116
5.3.4.2. Different scholarlyviews..........................................................116
5.3.4.3. ThepositionoftheSwiss Federal Tribunal inthedecision
129 III727(of16October2003)..............................................117
5.3.4.4. Critics oftheSwiss Federal Tribunal’s decision.......................118
5.4. Upholdingthearbitration agreement inspiteofits signaturebyonly
oneoftheparties orthenon-fulfilment offormal requirements..............119
5.4.1. Expressionofconsent inmoredocuments......................................119
5.4.2. Threepartysituations......................................................................119
5.4.3. Goodfaithandestoppel considerations..........................................120
SECONDPART..........................................................................................................121
IV. COMMERCIALARBITRATION...................................................................121
1. GENERALREMARKS.................................................................................122
1.1. Theconsensual character ofcommercial arbitration...............................122
1.2. Arbitrationwithcommunist countries as anexception?..........................122
1.2.1. Formersocialist countries ofCentral andEastern Europe..............122
1.2.1.1. Overview...................................................................................122
1.2.1.2. Withparticularregardto consent andtheproceeding..............123
1.2.2. People’s RepublicofChina(PRC).................................................124
1.2.2.1. Overview...................................................................................124
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1.2.2.2. CAArequirements: morethanonlyconsent toarbitration?.....124
1.2.3. Comments.......................................................................................125
2. THECONTENTOFTHEARBITRATIONAGREEMENT........................125
2.1. Theessential elements forwhichconsent is required..............................125
2.1.1. Theagreement toarbitrate: anydisputebetweentheparties will
beresolved byarbitration................................................................126
2.1.2. Indicationofthedispute orlegal relationshipwhichwill bethe
subject matterofarbitration............................................................127
2.1.3. Finalityof awards............................................................................129
2.2. Otherrelevant considerations...................................................................129
2.2.1. In General........................................................................................129
2.2.2. Theseat of arbitration.....................................................................130
2.2.3. Adhocarbitrations..........................................................................131
2.2.4. Multipartyarbitrations....................................................................131
2.3. Impliedterms...........................................................................................131
2.4. Theproblem ofawareness ofnational provisions shownbyusingthe
exampleoftheDutchconsolidationprovision.........................................132
3. DETERMINATIONOF THEEXISTENCEOFPARTIES’CONSENT
AND ITS SCOPE...........................................................................................133
3.1. Interpretingparties’consent.....................................................................133
3.1.1. In general: applicabilityofthegeneral principles ofcontractual
interpretation...................................................................................133
3.1.1.1. Interpretationingoodfaith.......................................................133
3.1.1.2. Effectiveinterpretation..............................................................134
3.1.1.3. Interpretation contra proferentem.............................................135
3.1.2. Inclinations ininterpreting?............................................................135
3.1.2.1. Restrictiveinterpretation...........................................................135
3.1.2.2. Extensiveinterpretation............................................................136
3.1.2.3. Comments.................................................................................137
3.2. Thedegreeof certaintyrequiredontheparties’consent.........................137
3.2.1. Pathological clauses........................................................................137
3.2.2. Combinedclauses............................................................................138
3.2.3. Incorporationbyreference..............................................................139
3.2.3.1. In general...................................................................................139
3.2.3.2. Explicit reference......................................................................140
3.2.3.3. Global reference........................................................................140
3.2.3.4. Therelationbetweenform andconsent,inparticulartacit
acceptance,withregardtoarbitrationclauses byreference......141
3.3. Set-offandcounterclaims........................................................................142
3.3.1. Set-off..............................................................................................142
3.3.1.1. Cross-claim not subject toajurisdictionordifferent
arbitrationclause.......................................................................143
3.3.1.1.1. Theprinciple.......................................................................143
3.3.1.1.2. Cross-claims arisingout ofcloselyrelatedcontracts..........143
3.3.1.2. Cross-claim subject toajurisdictionordifferent arbitration
clause.........................................................................................144
3.3.1.3. Comments.................................................................................145
3.3.2. Counterclaims.................................................................................146
3.4. Consent toarbitrationbecauseof related agreements..............................146
3.5. Indirect consent toarbitrationbyvirtueoftradeusages..........................147
4. AGENCYANDCONSENT..........................................................................148
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4.1. In general..................................................................................................148
4.2. Apparent agents........................................................................................148
4.3. Thepositionoftheagent inthecaseof arbitration onthesideofthe
principal....................................................................................................149
5. TRANSFER OFTHEARBITRATIONAGREEMENTANDCONSENT.149
5.1. Assignment...............................................................................................149
5.1.1. In general: practiceindifferent countries.......................................150
5.1.2. Withregardtothenecessitytocomplywiththewrittenform
requirement.....................................................................................150
5.1.3. Withregardto consent,consideringinparticularthesituationin
France..............................................................................................151
5.1.3.1. First,is theagreement fullybindingonthe assignee,even
without thelatter’s consent?......................................................151
5.1.3.2. Secondly,is suchtransferbindingontheobligor, even
without his consent?..................................................................152
5.1.4. Personal vs. non-personal natureoftheright toarbitrate...............153
5.2. Subrogationbyoperation oflaw,thirdpartybeneficiaries and
universal succession.................................................................................153
5.2.1. Overview.........................................................................................153
5.2.1.1. Subrogationbyoperation oflaw...............................................153
5.2.1.2. Universal succession.................................................................154
5.2.1.3. Thirdpartybeneficiaries...........................................................154
5.2.2. Comments.......................................................................................155
6. PARTIES’CONSENT WITHREGARDTO THEEXTENSIONOF
ARBITRATIONAGREEMENTS.................................................................156
6.1. In general..................................................................................................156
6.1.1. Theproblem of“extension”............................................................156
6.1.2. Different inclinationinpresumingparties’intentiontothe
extension.........................................................................................156
6.2. The“groupof companies”doctrine.........................................................157
6.2.1. Issues...............................................................................................157
6.2.2. Abriefcharacterisationofthedoctrine...........................................157
6.2.3. Countries’different approaches......................................................158
6.2.3.1. France........................................................................................158
6.2.3.2. Switzerland................................................................................160
6.2.3.3. England.....................................................................................161
6.2.3.4. UnitedStates.............................................................................162
6.2.4. Thetheoretical foundationofthedoctrine andits rejection...........162
6.3. Comments onextensionongrounds linkedtoconsent............................163
6.4. Estoppel....................................................................................................164
6.4.1. Thedoctrinewithrespect toarbitrationagreements.......................164
6.4.2. Issues withconsent..........................................................................165
6.5. Extensionongrounds unrelatedtoconsent..............................................166
6.5.1. Extensionbypiercingthecorporateveil.........................................166
6.5.2. Extensionwithout consent..............................................................167
6.5.2.1. Extensionbasedontheeconomicunityofthe group...............167
6.5.2.2. Extensionintheinterestoftheadministrationofjustice..........167
7. RELEVANCEOFPARTIES’CONSENTWITH REGARDTO
PROCEDURALMECHANISMS.................................................................167
7.1. Joinderandinterventionofthirdparties inarbitral proceedings.............168
7.1.1. In general.........................................................................................168